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| 9318595226 | In what year were Russian serfs emancipated? a. 1861 b. 1914 c. 1868 d. 1831 e. 1854 | a. | 0 | |
| 9318595227 | What war in the mid-19th century demonstrated Russia's widening gap with the West? a. Crimean War b. Russo-Turkish War c. Napoleon's invasion of Russia d. Sepoy rebellion e. Russo-Japanese War | a. | 1 | |
| 9318595228 | What was the general goal of the Russian intelligentsia? a. Restriction of civil liberties, honor and deference to the emperor, retention of Russian culture b. Political freedom, social reform, and retention of Russian culture c. Political freedom, retention of the social hierarchy, and increased Westernization d. Globally competitive economy e. Radical Westernization as part of a program of increased industrialization | b. | 2 | |
| 9318595229 | All of the following were reforms introduced in Russia in the 1860s and 1870s EXCEPT a. the issuance of new law codes that cut back traditional punishments. b. the creation of local political councils, the zemstvoes. c. reorganization of the military. d. the creation of the Duma, a national parliament. e. technical legal freedom for the peasants. | d. | 3 | |
| 9318595230 | Peasants who responded to the reforms of 1905 by engaging in entrepreneurial activity including increasing production and buying up land were called a. Marxists. b. kulaks. c. zemstvoes. d. soviets. e. anarchists. | b. | 4 | |
| 9318595231 | Which of the following statements about Russian Marxism is most accurate? a. Marxist doctrines were most applicable to an agrarian economy, not an industrial society. b. Marxist insistence on careful revolutionary organization and a focus on the working class were rapidly assimilated by anarchists and peasant groups. c. Marxist doctrines were not imported from the West, but originated among the Russian intelligentsia. d. Lenin was dedicated to the mass electioneering typical of Western socialist parties. e. Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase. | e. | 5 | |
| 9318595232 | What minister was responsible for enacting reforms for the peasantry following the revolution of 1905? a. Prince Gortchakov b. Alexi Romanov c. Grigori Rasputin d. Count Witte e. Piotyr Stolypin | e. | 6 | |
| 9318595233 | Which of the following statements concerning the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is most accurate? a. The emancipation of the serfs destroyed the Russian aristocracy. b. Few serfs were really emancipated due to the conditions imposed on their release. c. Following emancipation, peasants were free to move about Russia as they pleased leading to massive movements of agricultural labor. d. In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments. e. Emancipation of the serfs loosened the grip of the tsarist state. | d. | 7 | |
| 9318595234 | Which of the following was present during the Russian program of industrialization? a. Rich natural resources b. A highly educated work force c. A large middle class d. Small, but efficient, factories e. Attitudinal change among workers similar to the West | a. | 8 | |
| 9318595235 | Lenin's approach was adopted by the groups of Russian Marxists known as a. Mensheviks. b. Decembrists. c. Zemstvoes. d. anarchists. e. Bolsheviks. | e. | 9 | |
| 9318595236 | What tsar began the process of reform in the 19th century? a. Nicholas I b. Peter the Great c. Alexander II d. Nicholas II e. Alexander I | c. | 10 | |
| 9318595237 | Failure in what war led to the Russian Revolution of 1905? a. Crimean b. Sino-Japanese c. Russo-Japanese d. World War I e. Russo-Turkish | c. | 11 | |
| 9318595238 | Which of the following religions gained new adherents in industrialized Japan? a. Confucianism b. Shinto c. Buddhism d. Judaism e. Christianity | b. | 12 | |
| 9318595239 | Which of the following statements concerning the development of Russia and Japan to 1900 is NOT accurate? a. Both Russia and Japan achieved economic autonomy and a share in the West's core position. b. Russia and Japan did launch significant industrialization by 1914. c. Both nations gained sufficient power to wield important political and military influence in the colonial scramble. d. Japan outstripped Russia's industrial gains by 1900. e. Neither Russia nor Japan rivaled the industrial might of the West by 1900. | a. | 13 | |
| 9318595240 | What nations were linked together in the Holy Alliance that grouped conservative monarchies together in defense of religion and the status quo in 1815? a. Britain, France, Spain b. France, Britain, Italy c. Russia, Prussia, Austria d. Austria, Japan, Russia e. Spain, Russia, Poland | c. | 14 | |
| 9318595241 | The Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903 responsible for much economic modernization was a. General Kuropatkin. b. Count Witte. c. Gregor Mendel. d. Piotyr Stolypin. e. Klemenz von Metternich. | b. | 15 | |
| 9318595242 | Which of the following was NOT a 19th-century Russian novelist? a. Pavlov b. Tolstoy c. Turgenev d. Gogol e. Dostoevsky | a. | 16 | |
| 9318595243 | Which of the following was NOT a consideration in the reform of serfdom? a. Periodic peasant uprisings focused on lack of freedom, undue obligations, and lack of land b. The preservation of aristocratic power c. The development of a vigorous and mobile labor force d. A desire to meet Western humanitarian standards e. An attempt to sweep away the tightly knit peasant communities on which serfdom depended | e. | 17 | |
| 9318595244 | Which of the following groups in Tokugawa Japan advocated interest in Western scientific advance? a. National Studies group b. Confucian scholars c. Dutch Studies group d. Shinto priests e. Buddhist scholars | c. | 18 | |
| 9318595245 | Which of the following statements concerning Japanese industrialization prior to World War I is correct? a. Japan lagged far behind the West industrially. b. Japan's work force was among the highest paid in the world. c. Abundant natural resources made Japan virtually self-sufficient as an industrialized nation. d. By 1914, Japan had reached the level of industrialization found in the West. e. Japan needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports. | e. | 19 | |
| 9318595246 | Which of the following statements best describes the Russian economy at the beginning of the 19th century? a. Russia had achieved economic autonomy in the 18th century, although most of eastern Europe remained largely agricultural. b. The Russian economy was geographically oriented to the Ottoman Empire, a feature of the Mongol domination of Russia until the 15th century. c. Russian heavy industry accounted for nearly all its economic growth. d. Russia's economic dynamism and innovation rivaled that of the West. e. In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other east European areas imported Western luxury goods for aristocrats to display as badges of respectability. | e. | 20 | |
| 9318595247 | In what year was a new emperor, Mutsuhito, but commonly called "Meiji" or "Enlightened One," proclaimed, signaling the end of a major political crisis? a. 1914 b. 1854 c. 1875 d. 1868 e. 1889 | d. | 21 | |
| 9318595248 | Which of the following was NOT a sign of significant social stress in industrialized Japan? a. Disputes between generations over Westernization b. Growth of nationalism c. Racial unrest d. Growth of urban slums e. The increasing freedom and political influence of women | e. | 22 | |
| 9318595249 | One of the major similarities between Japanese and Russian industrialization was the fact that a. neither was able to complete construction of a railway system. b. both lacked natural resources. c. a small group of independent entrepreneurs led to movement in each case. d. neither had any experience of cultural exchange with the West. e. scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology compelled state direction. | e. | 23 | |
| 9318595250 | What was the chief political method used by the anarchists to achieve reform? a. Political rallies b. Non-violent protest c. Strikes d. Terrorism e. Voter registration | d. | 24 | |
| 9318595251 | Which of the following statements concerning Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life is most accurate? a. Japanese literature reached its zenith during the last decades of the Tokugawa Shogunate. b. Literacy in Japan reached levels higher than anywhere else outside the West. c. The Tokugawa placed little emphasis on learning and intellectual development. d. Confucianism rapidly lost ground to Buddhism as the major religious and ethical basis for Japanese society. e. Japan continued to be largely imitative of conservative Chinese intellectual currents rather than developing dynamic ethical and philosophical systems. | b. | 25 | |
| 9318595252 | By 1900, how successful was the Russian industrialization program? a. Russia was unable to industrialize any of its larger businesses or regions. b. By 1900, Russia had surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the newer area of petroleum production. c. Despite massive programs of forced labor and extensive government subsidies, the Russian program of industrialization failed. d. Russian industrialization progressed slowly and by 1900 had reached tenth in the world in terms of steel production. e. Without access to plentiful raw materials, Russia was dependent on constant territorial acquisitions to fuel its lagging industrial program. | b. | 26 | |
| 9318595253 | Huge industrial combines put together in Japan by the 1890s were called a. zaibatsus. b. haiku. c. zemstvoes. d. terakoya. e. khitan. | a. | 27 | |
| 9318595254 | Of the following regions, which defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the 19th century? a. The Ottoman Empire b. Latin America c. Eastern Europe d. West Africa e. Russia and Japan | e. | 28 | |
| 9318595255 | What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia? a. The construction of factories b. The development of the mining sector c. The end of the grain trade with the West d. Mechanization of agriculture e. The creation of an extensive system of railways | e. | 29 | |
| 9318595256 | Which of the following statements concerning Russian territorial expansion is most accurate? a. Western powers actively aided Russia's pursuit of territories in the Ottoman Empire. b. Russia expanded rapidly south of Alaska to Oregon and east to Utah. c. Russia actively opposed nationalist movements in the Balkans in keeping with its conservative tradition. d. No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion. e. Russia's loss of Poland in the revolt of 1830 stimulated other attempts at territorial expansion. | d. | 30 | |
| 9318595257 | All of the following were part of the rising tide of unrest in Russia during the second half of the 19th century EXCEPT a. ethnic minorities. b. peasants. c. the Orthodox church. d. the intelligentsia. e. the industrial workers. | c. | 31 | |
| 9318595258 | Which of the following Russian developments was NOT adopted in other east European states? a. Emancipation of serfs b. Economic autonomy from the West c. National parliaments d. Nationalism e. Monarchic forms of government | b. | 32 | |
| 9318595259 | Which of the following statements concerning Japanese political reforms in the period of the Meiji state is NOT accurate? a. The constitution issued in 1889 assured major prerogatives for the emperor along with limited powers for the lower house of the Diet. b. The bureaucracy was reorganized, insulated from political pressures, and opened to talent on the basis of civil service examinations. c. The Meiji came to power with very little violence due to the influence of the Western powers. d. Samurai, destroyed by the removal of government stipends, were banned from participation in the Meiji Diet. e. Meiji leaders established a new conservative nobility, stocked with former nobles and Meiji leaders that operated a British-style House of Peers. | d. | 33 | |
| 9318595260 | Russia's fear about Westernization in the first decades of the 19th century was rooted in a. the French Revolution. b. concern about British invasion. c. German nationalism. d. worry over loss of Poland. e. dislike of Western dress. | a. | 34 | |
| 9318595261 | The Duma was a. the Russian national labor union created after the Revolution of 1905. b. a national parliament created in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution. c. the imperial council that took over government after the abdication of the tsar in 1905. d. the confrontation between radical workers and the tsarist army in 1905. e. a system of collective farms for peasants introduced following 1905. | b. | 35 | |
| 9318595262 | Which of the following statements concerning the capitalization of Russian industry is most accurate? a. It was the contact with the Japanese that led to an influx of capital for Russian industrialization. b. By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by British, German, and French industrialists. c. Capital for Russian investment was almost entirely derived from liquidation of agricultural estates in Russia. d. United States investors were the largest owners of machinery in Russia by 1900. e. Russian industry was capitalized by a substantial middle class that had built up wealth in the grain trade with the West. | b. | 36 | |
| 9318595263 | Which of the following was NOT an advantage of Japan over China in the competition to assume leadership and to establish industrialization in Asia? a. Japan already knew the benefits of imitation, which China had never acknowledged. b. Japan had allowed a more autonomous merchant tradition. c. Japan's leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China. d. Western countries were attracted to China first, so Japan had early leeway. e. Feudal traditions limited the heavy hand of government controls while stimulating a sense of competitiveness. | c. | 37 | |
| 9318595264 | Which of the following accounts for Russia's lack of significant revolution in 1830 and 1848? a. Major reforms, satisfying most Russians b. Absence of a coercive labor system in Russia left scant cause for rebellion. c. Political repression d. Russia lacked a substantial history of autocracy. e. Like England, Russia's history of participatory government and its national parliament forestalled revolution. | c. | 38 | |
| 9318595265 | What was the name of the Russian revolt inspired by Western values in 1825? a. Pugachev rebellion b. The November rebellion c. The Decembrist uprising d. Pushkin's revolt e. Potemkin mutiny | c. | 39 | |
| 9318595266 | What accounted for the West's victory over Russia in the Crimean War? a. The war was fought almost entirely at sea where the Russians were unable to bring numerical superiority to bear. b. The war was fought far from Russia, necessitating lengthy lines of communication and supply. c. The Western nations won because of industrial advantages. d. Sardinian and Polish assistance to the Russians was ineffective in the long run. e. Russia was forced to fight an offensive war against entrenched positions. | c. | 40 | |
| 9318595267 | Who was responsible for the forced opening of Japan in 1853? a. Admiral Horatio Nelson b. Commodore George Perry c. Captain William Farragut d. Commodore Matthew Perry e. Captain James Cook | d. | 41 | |
| 9318595268 | Which of the following Western cultural characteristics was NOT adopted by large numbers of Japanese? a. Standards of hygiene b. Hair styles c. Western calendar d. Work styles e. Christianity | e. | 42 | |
| 9318595269 | Which of the following did NOT contribute to working-class radicalism in late 19th-century Russia? a. Severe conditions of early industrialization b. Absence of unions c. Workplace reforms d. The absence of legal political outlets e. Rural unrest and adoption of peasant grievances | b. | 43 | |
| 9318595270 | Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during the period of industrialization prior to 1914? a. Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation, Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West. b. Both experienced significant political revolutions. c. Both engaged in territorial acquisitions in the Ottoman Empire. d. Both demonstrated remarkable political flexibility resulting in sweeping transformations of political structure. e. Both had a large industrial labor force coupled with a small agricultural base. | a. | 44 | |
| 9318595271 | What was the primary difference between the reformed Japanese government and reformed Russian institutions by 1914? a. Russian institutions were more secular than Japan's. b. Japan's government was elected by a broad majority of the population. c. Japan retained an emperor at the head of government. d. Japan created a national parliament. e. Japan's government had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure. | e. | 45 | |
| 9318595272 | Which of the following represents a significant difference between Russia and Japan? a. Only Japan underwent significant political revolution prior to 1914. b. Only Japan experienced Communist uprisings by 1905. c. Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700. d. Only Japan had a significant aristocracy prior to industrialization. e. Only Russia participated in territorial expansion by 1914. | c. | 46 | |
| 9318595273 | Which of the following statements concerning the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th century is most accurate? a. Increasingly, the Shogunate depended on its long-standing alliances with Western powers to maintain its dominance. b. The Shogunate bureaucracy had been opened to talented commoners, a reform that improved the standing of the government with the masses of the Japanese people. c. By the 19th century, the Tokugawa were able to dispense with the feudal organization of earlier Japan. d. The Shogunate managed its finances carefully, and never carried a deficit. e. The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai. | e. | 47 | |
| 9318595274 | Russian radicals who sought the abolition of all formal government were called a. socialists. b. Decembrists. c. Latitudinarians. d. anarchists. e. abolitionists. | d. | 48 | |
| 9318595275 | What group did the imperial government appeal to in the reforms following the revolution of 1905? a. Marxists b. Conservatives c. Anarchists d. Liberals e. Workers organizations | d. | 49 |
