Vocabulary for Chapter 28 of the AP World History textbook.
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| 263067066 | The Great War | Another name for World War I, used by Europeans until the advent of World War II. | 0 | |
| 263067067 | Kaiser Wilhelm II | German emperor in World War I; his aggressive foreign policy is often blamed for starting the war. | 1 | |
| 263067068 | Triple Alliance | Military and political alliance formed before World War I to counter moves by potential rivals England, France, and Russia; consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. | 2 | |
| 263067069 | Triple Entente | Military and political alliance formed before World War I by England, France, and Russia; created to challenge moves made by the Triple Alliance. | 3 | |
| 263067070 | The Great Powers | The industrialized, colonizing nations of Europe before World War I; includes England, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy; their rivalries led to the war. | 4 | |
| 263067071 | Allied Forces | Name used by countries fighting the Central Powers; major members were Britain, France, Russia, and Italy; later in the war, the United States and Japan joined their cause. | 5 | |
| 263067072 | Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were the chief powers at war with the Allies. | 6 | |
| 263067073 | Jingoism | Warlike nationalist sentiment spread to and among the middle and working classes in Europe before the war. | 7 | |
| 263067074 | Dreadnought | Class of modern battleship launched by Britain before the war; triggered naval rivalry, especially with Germany. | 8 | |
| 263067075 | Gavriel Princip | Serbian nationalist, assassin of Archduke Ferdinand. | 9 | |
| 263067076 | Archduke Ferdinand | Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne; his assassination precipitated the events that developed into World War I. | 10 | |
| 263067077 | Sarajevo | Capital of the Bosnian province in Austria-Hungary; site of Ferdinand's assassination. | 11 | |
| 263067078 | Blank check | Promise of support from Germany to Austria-Hungary after Ferdinand's assassination; Austria-Hungary sought reprisals against Serbia; one of many events that cascaded into global war. | 12 | |
| 263067079 | White dominions | Britain's territories consisting of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand who sent soldiers into World War I. | 13 | |
| 263067080 | Western Front | War zone that ran from Belgium to Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among the combatants, including Britain, France, Russia, and Belgium; later included the United States. | 14 | |
| 263067081 | Marne River | Site near Paris, France, where Germany's early offensive was halted and thrown back; set the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front. | 15 | |
| 263067082 | Eastern Front | War zone that ran from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Balkan nations fought. | 16 | |
| 263067083 | Tsar Nicholas II | Last emperor of Russia whose poor military and political decisions led to his downfall and Russia's loss in the war; he and Kaiser Wilhelm II made many moves that led to the start of the war. | 17 | |
| 263067084 | Propaganda | Government-sponsored media coverage of the war designed to disseminate onesided versions of "friendly" and enemy conduct; used to gin up support for the war among its citizenry. | 18 | |
| 263067085 | Bolsheviks | Socialists in Russia who promoted overthrow of the tsar and the establishment of a socialist state; means "majority" in Russian. | 19 | |
| 263067086 | New women | Term used to describe career-oriented women in western Europe and the United States in the 1920s; they sought increased social and political rights. | 20 | |
| 263067087 | Jutland | Site of the war's major sea battle between Germany and Britain off Denmark's coast; German sea prowess was limited after this encounter. | 21 | |
| 263067088 | Gallipoli | Australian soldiers in support of the British were decimated by Turkish and German soldiers at this battle near the Dardanelles. | 22 | |
| 263067089 | German East Africa | Fighting occurred in Africa between British-led Indian and South African troops on one side, and German-trained east African troops on the other; today's Tanzania. | 23 | |
| 263067090 | Treaty Of Versailles | Wide-ranging postwar conference that promoted much of Wilson's idealistic plan for peace but at the same time blamed and punished Germany for starting the war; included creation of a League of Nations, an international organization designed to prevent further war. | 24 | |
| 263067091 | Woodrow Wilson | American president who initially claimed neutrality in the war but later joined the Allied cause; his Fourteen Points and American fighting forces hastened an Allied victory; one of the Big Four at Versailles. | 25 | |
| 263067092 | George Clemenceau | French premier at Versailles peace conference who insisted on punishing Germany after the war; one of the Big Four. | 26 | |
| 263067093 | David Lloyd George | British prime minister at Versailles who attempted to mediate between Wilson's "peace without victory" stand and Clemenceau's, but with only partial success. | 27 | |
| 263067094 | Armistice | All sides agreed to lay down their weapons without declaring victory; promoted by Woodrow Wilson to end the fighting; concept later rejected by France and Britain. | 28 | |
| 263067095 | Stab in the back | Myth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspired to surrender to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920s. | 29 | |
| 263067096 | Self-determination | Wilson called for national independence from colonial rule before Versailles; this encouraged colonial subjects in Asia and Africa until they discovered Wilson intended his rhetoric only for Europe. | 30 | |
| 263067097 | Ho Chi Minh | Young nationalist from Vietnam seeking self-determination for his country at Versailles; was ignored, like many representatives from Asian and African colonies who were there. | 31 | |
| 263067098 | Indian Congress Party | Nationalist group in India that called for independence from Britain; led by Western-educated Indian elites; led India in the early postcolonial era. | 32 | |
| 263067099 | B. G. Tilak | Nationalist leader who promoted a reactionary sort of Hinduism to gain independence for India; influence faded after Britain exiled him. | 33 | |
| 263067100 | Morely-Minto reforms | In 1909, British colonial authorities expanded political opportunities for educated Indians. | 34 | |
| 263067101 | Mohandas Gandhi | Successful leader of the Indian nationalist movement who combined religious, social, and political know-how into a massive nonviolent campaign. | 35 | |
| 263067102 | Satyagraha | "Truth force," a term used by Gandhi to describe peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations to promote Indian independence. | 36 | |
| 263067103 | Lord Cromer | British High Commissioner of Egypt at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries; implemented many, but apparently not enough, social and economic reforms. | 37 | |
| 263067104 | Effendi | Prosperous Egyptian families who made up the middle class; leaders of the Egyptian nationalist movement came largely from this group. | 38 | |
| 263067105 | Dinshawai | Egyptian village where British violence came to represent the heavy-handed nature of colonial rule and united nationalists in their cause. | 39 | |
| 263067106 | Mandates | The Treaty of Versailles established British or French control over territories formerly held by Germany and the Ottoman Empire; especially important in regard to Arab areas after the war. | 40 | |
| 263067107 | Ataturk (a.k.a. Mustafa Kemal) | Postwar leader of Turkey who launched sweeping reforms, including women's suffrage and a Latin-based alphabet. | 41 | |
| 263067108 | Hussein, Sherif of Morocco | Convinced Arab leaders to support the French and British during the war because of their pledges of Arab independence. | 42 | |
| 263067109 | Zionists | Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. | 43 | |
| 263067110 | Lord Balfour | British foreign secretary who pledged in a declaration the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which encouraged Jewish nationalists and angered Arabs. | 44 | |
| 263067111 | Pogroms | Violent assaults against Jewish communities, especially in Russia and Romania in the latter half of the 19th century. | 45 | |
| 263067112 | Theodor Herzl | Prominent journalist who led the cause of Zionism in the late 19th century. | 46 | |
| 263067113 | Alfred Dreyfus | French officer and Jew who was falsely accused of spying for Germany in the late 19th century; his mistreatment spurred Herzl and other Zionists to increase their call for a Jewish homeland. | 47 | |
| 263067114 | World Zionist Organization | Formed by Herzl and other prominent European Jewish leaders to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in advance of the creation of a Zionist state in Palestine. | 48 | |
| 263067115 | Sa'd Zaghlul | Energetic leader of the nationalist-leaning Wafd Party in Egypt. | 49 | |
| 263067116 | Liberal Constitutionalist Party; Labor Party | Rivals to Egypt's Wafd Party; once in control of their own government, these three parties did little to help the peasantry. | 50 | |
| 263067117 | Gamal Abdel Nasser | Led a military coup in Egypt in 1952; ruled until 1970; established himself as a major Arab force in the Middle East. | 51 | |
| 263067118 | Lord Lugard | Influential British colonial administrator who predicted the rise of African nationalism. | 52 | |
| 263067119 | Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBois | Americans who promoted African nationalism and unity. | 53 | |
| 263067120 | Pan-Africanism | Movement begun in the 1920s to promote African nationalism and unity; did much to arouse anticolonial sentiment. | 54 | |
| 263067121 | Negritude | Literary movement in France that argued precolonial African societies were superior in many ways to European colonial societies in Africa; writers included L.S. Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire. | 55 | |
| 263067122 | National Congress of British West Africa | Regionalized version of the pan-African movement. | 56 | |
| 263067123 | Armenian genocide | Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East. | 57 | |
| 263067124 | Adolf Hitler | Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews. | 58 | |
| 263067125 | League Of Nations | International diplomatic and peace organization created with the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member. | 59 | |
| 263067126 | Montagu-Chelmsford reforms | Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919. | 60 | |
| 263067127 | Rowlatt Act | Placed restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919. | 61 | |
| 263067128 | Hussein | Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931. | 62 | |
| 263067129 | Leon Pinsker | (1821 - 1891) European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land. | 63 | |
| 263067130 | Wafd party | Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922. | 64 | |
| 263067131 | Leópold Sédar Senghor | (1906 - 2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980. | 65 |
