Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic Ocean
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| 637565382 | Saint-Domingue | island now known as Haiti; good for sugar producing; residents (slaves) heard about equality and the other enlightenment ideas and asked France for the same rights as those people living in France but did not receive them--civil war breaks out and many Frenchmen die--gains independence from France--becomes Nation of Haiti | 0 | |
| 637565383 | Yorktown, VA | site of the last major battle of the revolution. US and French troops trapped Cornwallis in Yorktown and forced him to surrender. | 1 | |
| 637565384 | Versailles | a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles | 2 | |
| 637565385 | Napoleon's Empire | The empire ruled by Napoleon; composed of three parts: the French Empire (the inner core of the grand empire), the dependant states (under the rule of Napoleon's relatives) and allied states (those defeated by Napoleon) | 3 | |
| 637565386 | Waterloo | The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power | 4 | |
| 637565387 | Olympe de Gouges | French journalist who published the declaration of rights of women and the female citizens. | 5 | |
| 637565388 | John Locke | This English philosophe argued that all men were born with natural rights and that a government's purpose was to protect these rights ;believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property | 6 | |
| 637565389 | Voltaire | French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778) | 7 | |
| 637565390 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778) | 8 | |
| 637565391 | George Washington | the commander of the continental army, the first president of the US, and one of the members of the committee that drafted the US constitution, considered the founder of our nation. | 9 | |
| 637565392 | Louis XVI | - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | 10 | |
| 637565393 | Marie Antoinette | queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793) | 11 | |
| 637565394 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 12 | |
| 637565395 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 13 | |
| 637565396 | Toussaint Louverture | Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. | 14 | |
| 637565397 | Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed. | 15 | |
| 637565398 | Augustin de Iturbide | Becomes dictator of Mexico in 1821. In 1824, he is successfully overthrown by moderate Creoles and Mestizos, and Mexico gains independence as a Republic. | 16 | |
| 637565399 | Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Venezuelan statesman, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. | 17 | |
| 637565400 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru | 18 | |
| 637565401 | Edmund Burke | A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited priveledges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentitive Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny. | 19 | |
| 637565402 | John Stuart Mill | English Philosopher, Benthamite, wrote "On Liberty", Essay that talked about problem of how to protect the rights of individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral paricipation. Advocated right of workers to organize, equality for women, and universal suffrage | 20 | |
| 637565403 | Olaudah Equiano | sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography; Antislavery activist | 21 | |
| 637565404 | William Wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807. | 22 | |
| 637565405 | Giuseppe Mazzini | Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872) | 23 | |
| 637565406 | Alfred Dreyfus | French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of anti-semitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906 (1859-1935) | 24 | |
| 637565407 | Theodor Herzl | German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people. | 25 | |
| 637565408 | Klemens von Metternich | This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression | 26 | |
| 637565409 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882) | 27 | |
| 637565410 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) | 28 | |
| 637565411 | Popular sovereignty | people hold the final authority in all matters of government; rule by the people | 29 | |
| 637565412 | Social contract | the idea that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will | 30 | |
| 637565413 | General Will | The will of the majority (the majority should always work for the common good) | 31 | |
| 637565414 | Seven Years War | fought between England and France, 1756-1763; known as the French and Indian War in the colonies, it started in 1754, over control of the Ohio River Valley and resulted in France's withdrawal from North America. It was the impetus for Parliament's taxing policy that led to the American Revolution. | 32 | |
| 637565415 | July 4th, 1776 | date the declaration of independence was signed | 33 | |
| 637565416 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 34 | |
| 637565417 | Peace of Paris | This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America; Signed on September 3, 1783 | 35 | |
| 637565418 | July 14th, 1789 | This is the date that represents the symbolic start of the French Revolution; Parisians stormed the Bastille | 36 | |
| 637565419 | Constitution of USA | Agreement that created a more unified national structure for the United States, providing independent executive and judicial authority, and incorporating a Bill of Rights; Supreme law of the land (USA) | 37 | |
| 637565420 | Ancien regime | a political and social system that no longer governs (especially the system that existed in France before the French Revolution) | 38 | |
| 637565421 | Estates General Tennis Court Oath | [Fill in] | 39 | |
| 637565422 | Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen | This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law | 40 | |
| 637565423 | Bastille | The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles | 41 | |
| 637565424 | Guillotine | a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution. | 42 | |
| 637565425 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 43 | |
| 637565426 | Directory | A group of 5 men who were given control of France following the Reign of Terror | 44 | |
| 637565427 | Committee of Public Safety | The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795. | 45 | |
| 637565428 | Concordat | Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholocism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution | 46 | |
| 637565429 | Civil Code | Napoleonic Code; this code preserved most of the gains of the revolution by recognizing the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law, and ect. | 47 | |
| 637565430 | Grand Army | The army that Napoleon assembled to invade Russia, and the largest army ever assembled in European history. Consisting of more than half a million men from all throughout the Napoleonic Empire, this army was used in an attempt to invade Russia. | 48 | |
| 637565431 | General Winter | Nickname for the harsh climate of Russia that has defeated the armies of both Napoleon and Hitler | 49 | |
| 637565432 | January 1st, 1804 | Haitian Independence Day | 50 | |
| 637565433 | Peninsulares | in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain; highest social class | 51 | |
| 637565434 | Creoles | descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status | 52 | |
| 637565435 | Gran Columbia | Bolivar's plan to unite Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Columbia. They united in 1822 but broke part in 1830 because of geography(mountains separated them). He hope it would be a workable union for all Latin American states | 53 | |
| 637565436 | Caudillos | Military dictator; gained control after independence movements | 54 | |
| 637565437 | Conservatism | a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion. | 55 | |
| 637565438 | Liberalism | A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. | 56 | |
| 637565439 | Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country | 57 | |
| 637565440 | Declarations of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen | [Fill in] | 58 | |
| 637565441 | Vindication of the Rights of Woman | Published in 1792 - outlining Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen and adding woman's rights too. Emphasized importance of the equality of education for women. But revolutionaries in France still dominated by men and only a very few of these (e.g. Condorcet) were supportive of women's desires for equal rights. | 59 | |
| 637565442 | Zionism | A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. | 60 | |
| 637565443 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon; restore europe to prerevolution time | 61 | |
| 637565444 | Realpolitik | realistic politics based on the needs of the state | 62 | |
| 637565445 | Second Reich | period in German history in which Bismarck formed a united Germany; after the Germans conquered the French palace of Versailles | 63 |
