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| 6029190433 | Benito Mussolini | Italian fascist leader after World War I; created first fascist government (1922-1943) based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories. | 0 | |
| 6029199477 | fascism | Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; under-took state control of economy to reduce social friction. | 1 | |
| 6029218241 | Mexican Revolution | Fought over a period of almost ten years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. | 2 | |
| 6029232938 | Porfirio Diaz | One of Juarez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government. | 3 | |
| 6029244418 | Francisco Madero | (1873-1913) Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913. | 4 | |
| 6029260184 | Pancho Villa | (187-1923) Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz form power in 1911; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta. | 5 | |
| 6029272786 | Emiliano Zapata | Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reforms. | 6 | |
| 6029291380 | Victoriano Huerta | Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata. | 7 | |
| 6029301889 | Alvaro Obregon | (1880-1928) Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920. | 8 | |
| 6029312636 | Mexican Constitution of 1917 | Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution. | 9 | |
| 6029324719 | Cristeros | Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in Central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence. | 10 | |
| 6029338361 | Alexander Kerensky | (1881-1970) Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom. | 11 | |
| 6029351181 | Red Army | Military organization constructed under the leadership of Lenon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background. | 12 | |
| 6029364674 | New Economic Policy | Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover. | 13 | |
| 6029380398 | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved in 1991. | 14 | |
| 6029397892 | Supreme Soviet | Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by communist party; served to ratify party decisions. | 15 | |
| 6029412629 | Joseph Stalin | Successor to Lenin as head of the U.S.S.R.; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led U.S.S.R. through World War II; furthered cold war with western Europe and the United States; died in 1953. | 16 | |
| 6029445637 | collectivization | Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lower food production; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes. | 17 | |
| 6029461722 | Yuan Shikai | Warlord in northern China after fall f Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916. | 18 | |
| 6029473238 | May Fourth movement | Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began of this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism. | 19 | |
| 6029489536 | Mao Zedong | (1893-1976) Communist leder in revolutionary China; advocate rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China in 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958. | 20 | |
| 6029559195 | Guomindang | Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925. | 21 | |
| 6029581500 | Chiang Kai-shek | A military officier who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the communists after World War II. | 22 | |
| 6029596258 | Long March | Communist escape fro Hunan province during the civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China. | 23 | |
| 6029609243 | Great Depression | International economic crisis following the Fist World War; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the United States and western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of the 19th century. | 24 | |
| 6029639700 | New Deal | President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. | 25 | |
| 6029689560 | totalitarian state | A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. | 26 | |
| 6029705964 | Spanish Civil War | War pitting authoritarian and military leaders inn Spain against republics and leftists between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of the royalist forces. | 27 | |
| 6029741328 | Getulio Vargas | Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based of Mussolini's Italy; leaned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954. | 28 | |
| 6029776366 | Juan D. Peron | Military leader in Argentina who became dominant political figure after military coup in 1943; used position as Minister of Labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became president in 1946; forced into exile in 1955; returned and won presidency in 1973. | 29 | |
| 6029792934 | five-year plans | Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of U.S.S.R; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products. | 30 |
