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| 10845038393 | Central Asian/Oxus civilization | A major First Civilization that emerged around 2200 B.C.E. in Central Asia along the Oxus or Amu Darya river in what is now northern Afghanistan. An important focal point for a Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and cultural exchange, it faded away about 1700 B.C.E. | 0 | |
| 10845038394 | Code of Hammurabi | A series of laws publicized at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d.1750 B.C.E.). Not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order. (See the excerpt of the code in Document 2.2, pp. 95-97.) |  | 1 |
| 10845038395 | Egypt: "the gift of the Nile" | Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible. |  | 2 |
| 10845038396 | Epic of Gilgamesh | The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality. |  | 3 |
| 10845038397 | Hatshepsut | Ancient Egypt's most famous queen; reigned 1472-1457 B.C.E. (pron. hat-shep-soot) |  | 4 |
| 10845038398 | Mohenjo Daro/Harappa | Major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E. (pron. moehen-joe DAHR-oh) (pron. hah-RAHP-uh) |  | 5 |
| 10845038399 | Norte Chico/Caral | Norte Chico is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E. Caral was the largest of some twenty-five urban centers that emerged in the area at that time. |  | 6 |
| 10845038400 | Nubia | A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major ironworking industry by 500 B.C.E. |  | 7 |
| 10845038401 | Olmec civilization | An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E. |  | 8 |
| 10845038402 | patriarchy | Literally "rule of the father"; a social system of male dominance. |  | 9 |
| 10845038403 | pharaoh | A king of Egypt. The term literally means "the palace" and only came into use in the New Kingdom, but it is generally employed in reference to all ancient Egyptian rulers. |  | 10 |
| 10845038404 | rise of the state | A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership. |  | 11 |
| 10845038405 | Uruk | The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia. (pron. OOH-rook) |  | 12 |
| 10845038406 | Bronze Age | The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. 3500 BCE - 1300BCE. Bronze is made through mixing copper with an alloy such as tin. It is stronger and more durable than copper. |  | 13 |
| 10845038407 | Iron Age | The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BCE to 600 BCE, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history. |  | 14 |
| 10845038408 | Assyrians | a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Middle East, existed as an independent state from perhaps as early as the 2600 BCE, until its collapse between 612 BCE and 599 BCE |  | 15 |
| 10845038409 | Akkaddians | was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests by its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE). Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states. |  | 16 |
| 10845038410 | Hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria. |  | 17 |
| 10845038411 | Shang Dynasty | (1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior. |  | 18 |
| 10845038412 | Zhou Dynasty | 2nd dynasty. Lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese History. |  | 19 |
| 10845038413 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. |  | 20 |
| 10845038414 | Alphabet | a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order, used to represent the basic sounds of a language; in particular, the set of letters from A to Z. |  | 21 |
