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| 7506898212 | Central Asian/Oxus civilization | A major First Civilization that emerged around 2200 B.C.E. in Central Asia along the Oxus or Amu Darya river in what is now northern Afghanistan. An important focal point for a Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and cultural exchange, it faded away about 1700 B.C.E. |  | 0 |
| 7506909947 | Code of Hammurabi | A series of laws publicized at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d.1750 B.C.E.). Not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order. (See the excerpt of the code in Document 2.2, pp. 95-97.) |  | 1 |
| 7521012974 | Egypt: "the gift of the Nile" | Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible. |  | 2 |
| 7521015850 | Epic of Gilgamesh | The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality. |  | 3 |
| 7521022265 | Hatshepsut | Ancient Egypt's most famous queen; reigned 1472-1457 B.C.E. (pron. hat-shep-soot) |  | 4 |
| 7521027627 | Mohenjo Daro/Harappa | Major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E. (pron. moehen-joe DAHR-oh) (pron. hah-RAHP-uh) |  | 5 |
| 7521033078 | Norte Chico/Caral | Norte Chico is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E. Caral was the largest of some twenty-five urban centers that emerged in the area at that time. |  | 6 |
| 7521040641 | Nubia | A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major ironworking industry by 500 B.C.E. |  | 7 |
| 7521040642 | Olmec Civilization | An early civilization that developed along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico around 1200 B.C.E |  | 8 |
| 7521048443 | Patriarchy | Literally "rule of the father"; a social system of male dominance. |  | 9 |
| 7521140299 | Pharaoh | A king of Egypt. The term literally means "the palace" and only came into use in the New Kingdom, but it is generally employed in reference to all ancient Egyptian rulers. |  | 10 |
| 7521173171 | Rise of the State | A process of centralization that took place in the First Civilizations, growing out of the greater complexity of urban life in recognition of the need for coordination, regulation, adjudication, and military leadership. |  | 11 |
| 7521177204 | Uruk | The largest city of ancient Mesopotamia. (pron. OOH-rook) |  | 12 |
| 7521181007 | Bronze Age | The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. 3500 BCE - 1300BCE. Bronze is made through mixing copper with an alloy such as tin. It is stronger and more durable than copper. |  | 13 |
| 7521191147 | Iron Age | The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BCE to 600 BCE, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history. |  | 14 |
| 7521198156 | Assyrians | a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Middle East, existed as an independent state from perhaps as early as the 2600 BCE, until its collapse between 612 BCE and 599 BCE. |  | 15 |
| 7521200365 | Akkadians | Was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests by its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE). Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states. |  | 16 |
| 7521219099 | Hittites | The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who established an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Anatolia as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. |  | 17 |
| 7521219100 | Phoenicians | Phoenicia (UK: /fɪˈnɪʃə/ or US: /fəˈniːʃə/;[2] from the Ancient Greek: Φοινίκη, Phoiníkē meaning either "land of palm trees" or "purple country") was a thalassocratic ancient Semitic civilization, that originated in the Eastern Mediterranean and in the west of the Fertile Crescent. |  | 18 |
| 7521222740 | Shang Dynasty | The Shang dynasty (Chinese: 商朝; pinyin: Shāng cháo) or Yin dynasty (殷代; Yīn dài), according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. |  | 19 |
| 7521222741 | Zhou Dynasty | The Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) was the longest-lasting of China's dynasties. It followed the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE) and it finished when the army of the state of Qin captured the city of Changzhou in 256 BCE. |  | 20 |
| 7521225045 | Cuneiform | Denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets. |  | 21 |
| 7521225046 | Alphabet | An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) that is used to write one or more languages based upon the general principle that the letters represent phonemes (basic significant sounds) of the spoken language. This is in contrast to other types of writing systems, such as syllabaries (in which each character represents a syllable) and logographies (in which each character represents a word, morpheme, or semantic unit). |  | 22 |
