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| 10930794548 | Axum | Aksum was the name of a city and a kingdom which is essentially modern-day northern Ethiopia (Tigray province) and Eritrea. Research shows that Aksum was a major naval and trading power from the 1st to the 7th centuries C.E. As a civilization it had a profound impact upon the people of Egypt, southern Arabia, Europe and Asia, all of whom were visitors to its shores, and in some cases were residents. |  | 0 |
| 10930809636 | City-States | a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state |  | 1 |
| 10930805581 | Code of Hammurabi | A series of laws published at the order of King Hammurabi of Babylon (d.1750 B.C.E.). Not actually a code, but a number of laws that proclaim the king's commitment to social order. |  | 2 |
| 10930833512 | Cuneiform | denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets |  | 3 |
| 10947453411 | Desertification | the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture |  | 4 |
| 10947468796 | Division of Labor | the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency |  | 5 |
| 10947535649 | Epic of Gilgamesh | The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality. |  | 6 |
| 10947542570 | Egypt (The Gift of the Nile) | Egypt is often known as "the gift of the Nile" because the region would not have been able to support a significant human population without the Nile's annual inundation, which provided rich silt deposits and made agriculture possible. |  | 7 |
| 10947552086 | Fertile Crescent | historical crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, extending from the E end of the Mediterranean Sea to the Tigris & Euphrates rivers: significant as the birthplace of several ancient civilizations |  | 8 |
| 10947560287 | Mandate of Heaven | Also known as Heaven's Mandate, was the divine source of authority and the right to rule of China's early kings and emperors. The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky had selected this particular individual to rule on its behalf on earth. An important element of the mandate was that although the ruler had been given great power he also had a moral obligation to use it for the good of his people, if he did not then his state would suffer terrible disasters and he would lose the right to govern. |  | 9 |
| 10947568760 | Mesoamerica | the area extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua in which diverse pre-Columbian civilizations flourished. |  | 10 |
| 10947578338 | Mesopotamia | An ancient region of southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. Probably settled before 5000 bc, the area was the home of numerous early civilizations, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria. This region is a portion of the larger Fertile Crescent. |  | 11 |
| 10947589039 | Mohenjo Daro/Harappa | Major cities of the Indus Valley civilization; both of which flourished around 2000 B.C.E. (pron. moehen-joe DAHR-oh) (pron. hah-RAHP-uh) |  | 12 |
| 10947598457 | Nubia | A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron-working industry by 500 B.C.E. |  | 13 |
| 10947607292 | Pharaoh | A king of Egypt. The term literally means "the palace" and only came into use in the New Kingdom, but it is generally employed in reference to all ancient Egyptian rulers. |  | 14 |
| 10947615626 | Sanskrit | An ancient Indic language that is the language of Hinduism and the Vedas and is the classical literary language of India. Like Latin in Europe and elsewhere, Sanskrit has been used by the educated classes in India for literary and religious purposes for over two thousand years. |  | 15 |
| 10947624547 | Scribe | a person who copies documents, esp a person who made handwritten copies before the invention of printing |  | 16 |
| 10947631046 | Shang Dynasty | The Shang Dynasty is the earliest ruling dynasty of China to be established in recorded history, though other dynasties predated it. The Shang ruled from 1700 to 1027 B.C. and were known for their advances in math, astronomy, artwork and military technology. |  | 17 |
| 10947637678 | Sumer/Sumerians | An ancient country of southern Mesopotamia in present-day southern Iraq. Archaeological evidence dates the beginnings of Sumer to the fifth millennium BC. By 3000 a flourishing civilization existed, which gradually exerted power over the surrounding area and culminated in the Akkadian dynasty, founded c. 2300 by Sargon I. Sumer declined after 2000 and was later absorbed by Babylonia and Assyria. The Sumerians are believed to have invented the cuneiform system of writing. |  | 18 |
| 10947650779 | Theocracy | a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme ruler |  | 19 |
| 10947660054 | Vedic Age | The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) (c. 1500 - c. 500 B.C.E.) is the period in the history of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being composed. |  | 20 |
| 10947668105 | Ziggurat | (in ancient Mesopotamia) a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel | | 21 |
| 10947673932 | Bronze Age | The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of bronze, proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization. 3500 BCE - 1300 BCE. Bronze is made through mixing copper with an alloy such as tin. It is stronger and more durable than copper. |  | 22 |
| 10947683946 | Iron Age | The start of the Iron Age proper is considered by many to fall between around 1200 BCE to 600 BCE, depending on the region. In most parts of the world, its end is defined by the widespread adoption of writing, and therefore marks the transition from prehistory to history. |  | 23 |
| 10947690178 | Assyrians | a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Middle East, existed as an independent state from perhaps as early as the 2600 BCE, until its collapse between 612 BCE and 599 BCE |  | 24 |
| 10947699828 | Akkadians | was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests by its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE). Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states. |  | 25 |
