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| 6382923429 | Trail of Tears (1815-1891) | In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died. (pbs.org) | 0 | |
| 6382925363 | Mexican-American War (1846-1848) | The Mexican American war was fought between the United States and Mexico for two years. Mexico experienced a devastating loss to the U.S. The U.S gained over half of Mexico's territories. | 1 | |
| 6382927580 | John A. Macdonald (1815-1891) | He became the first prime minister of Canada, and he moved to incorporate all of British North America into the Dominion. He negotiated the purchase of the huge Northwest Territories from the Hudson Bay Company in 1869, and he persuaded Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island to join the Dominion. Macdonald believed Canada's Dominion would remain symbolic as a "geographic expression" until the government took concrete action to make Canadian unity and independence a reality. | 2 | |
| 6382930937 | Juan Manuel de Rosas (1829 - 1852) | One of the most notable caudillos was Juan Manuel de Rosas, who from 1829 to 1852 ruled an Argentine badly divided between the cattle-herding and gaucho society of the pampas (the interior grasslands) and the urban elite of Buenos Aires. Rosas emerged from the world of cattle ranching, and he used his skills to subdue other caudillos and establish control in Buenos Aires. Rosas called for regional autonomy in an attempt to reconcile competing interests, but he worked to centralize the government he usurped. He attained great popularity through his identification with the people and with gauchos, and he demonstrated his physical strength and machismo | 3 | |
| 6382932829 | Benito Juárez (1806-1872) | President Benito Juárez led a liberal reform movement attempted to reshape Mexican society. He was a Mexican of indigenous ancestry and La Reforma of the 1850s aimed to limit the power of the military and the Roman Catholic church in Mexican society. Juárez and his followers called for liberal reform, designed in part to create a rural middle class. | 4 | |
| 6382936538 | Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915) | The Mexican revolution broke out when middle-class Mexicans joined with peasants and workers to overthrow the powerful dictator Porfirio Díaz. Diaz had dominated mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the country's land from poor peasants. The peasants refused to be subjected to this and rebelled. | 5 | |
| 6382939682 | Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) | The lower classes took up weapons and followed the revolutionary leaders Emiliano Zapata and Francisco (Pancho) Villa, charismatic agrarian rebels who organized massive armies fighting for tierra y libertad. Zapata, the son of a mestizo peasant, and Villa, the son of a field worker, embodied the ideals and aspirations of the indigenous Mexican masses and enjoyed tremendous popular support. They discredited timid governmental efforts at reform and challenged governmental political control; Zapata confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing the lands to the peasants, while Villa attacked and killed U.S. citizens in retaliation for U.S. support of Mexican government officials. | 6 | |
| 6382942470 | Pancho Villa (1878 - 1923) | The lower classes took up weapons and followed the revolutionary leaders Emiliano Zapata and Francisco (Pancho) Villa, charismatic agrarian rebels who organized massive armies fighting for tierra y libertad. Despite the power and popularity enjoyed by Zapata and Villa, they were unable to capture Mexico's major cities, and they did not command the resources and wealth to which government forces had access. Villa was killed a few years after Zapata, assassinated in 1923 while driving in the town of Hidalgo de Parral, his car and body riddled with bullets. | 7 |
