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| 6173453047 | maifest destiny | the us citizen dream to occupy all of north america from atlantic to pacific coastlines, this dream came with american westward expansion, after lewis and clark mapped the territory west of the mississippi, a concept of the 1840s | 0 | |
| 6173463710 | trail of tears | 1838-1839, an 800 mile migration that the native american cherokee tribe was forced to endure, part of the indian removal act, a long march to oklahoma, thousands of native americans died of disease, starvation, and the difficulties of relocation, giving the march its name | 1 | |
| 6173475645 | mexican-american war | tensions and war that was generated by us western expansion, sparked when texas declared independence and was soon annexed by the united states, the us army brutally destroyed the mexican army | 2 | |
| 6173497051 | little big horn | a native american vs euro-american battle in 1876 in southern montana, thousands of lakota sioux and their allies annihilated the euro-american army under the command of colonel geroge armstrong custer, the natives ultimately lost the war against us western expansion | 3 | |
| 6173505714 | wounded knee | the slaughtering of 200+ native american men and women by us cavalry forces after a native man accidentally shot a gun, it syblolized the US's treatment of the native american peoples | 4 | |
| 6173514857 | treaty of guadalupe hidalgo | the treaty that ended the mexican-american war and in which the US took about 50% of mexico's territory in exchange for $15 mil, land; texas north of the rio grande, california, and new mexico | 5 | |
| 6173520914 | cuadillos | regional military leaders that came to power in much of latin america, they appealed to populist sentiments and exploiting the discontent of the masses | 6 | |
| 6173524304 | la reforma | the independence of mexico that generated a liberal reform movement, it was led by mexican president Benito Juarez, took place during the 1850s and aimed to limit the power of the military and the roman catholic church, wanted to create a middle class, led to the creation of a mexican constitution in 1857, granted universal male suffrage and freedom of speech and placed indigenous people on private lands | 7 | |
| 6175924999 | mexican revolution | 1910-1920, a bloody mexican civil war, conflict started when the middle class and peasants and workers joined to overthrow dictator Porfirio Diaz, the 1st latin american attempt to topple an unequal society, 95% of the peasant workers were landless, it became a racial war, they used guerrilla warfare against the government, the war came to an end when the rebellions leaders were killed | 8 | |
| 6175944422 | california gold rush | the finding of precious metal deposits that attracted many migrants to california, started in 1849, many asians (japanese, chinese) migrated in search of fortune | 9 | |
| 6175954132 | railroad time | a series of timezones created in 1883 by railroad companies to avoid complicated and dangerous scheduling errors bc all cities set their clocks based on the sun so each individual city had its own specific time, it was quickly adopted by the general public and the by us government in 1918 | 10 | |
| 6176079951 | reconstruction | after the american civil war slaves were politically free but not socially equal, the north sent military forces to the south to force them to undergo a program of social and political reform, they enforced black male rights to vote, the loss of these northern armies created a vacuum of power and caused the local black people to lose most of their freedoms | 11 | |
| 6176102551 | seneca falls convention | 1848, a convention where the growing women's movement met and declared their declaration of sentiments, which was modeled on the declaration of independence, they fought for equal rights, more opportunities, more access to education, more employment opportunities, and alternatives to marriage and domesticity | 12 | |
| 6176126583 | northwest rebellion | organized in 1885 in the Saskatchewan river country by recently exiled Louis Riel, it was a resistance against the transpacific canadian railroad and british canadian settlement | 13 | |
| 6176145366 | guachos | argentine cowboys, lived on the pampa lands, a symbol of latin american identity, they led independent and self-sufficient lives, they had distinctive dress, and were often romanticized through song and poem | 14 | |
| 6176157099 | machismo | a latin american social ethic that honored male strength, courage, aggressiveness, assertive, and cunning traits, some women were discontent with this, it was very prominent in guachos | 15 | |
| 6176300907 | abraham lincoln | elected as president of the united states in 1860 and was the spark that ignited the civil war, he was anti-slavery, he signed the emancipation proclamation in 1863 | 16 | |
| 6176302333 | john macdonald | the first prime minister of canada, he wanted to incorporate all of british north american into the canadian dominion, he negotiated the purchase of huge northwest territories from the hudson bay company, he got manitoba, british columbia, and prince edward island to join the dominion, he oversaw the construction of a transcontinental railroad | 17 | |
| 6176305090 | juan manuel de rosas | one of the most notable cuadillos, ruled argentina from 1829-1852, which at the time was badly divided between the urban residents of Buenos Aires and the country residents (cattle-herders and guachos), he worked to centralized the government, accused of launching a reign of terror to stifle rebellions, he ultimately restored order | 18 | |
| 6176306747 | antinio lopez de santa ana | a cuadillo general during the mexican-american war | 19 | |
| 6176309859 | benito juarez | a president of mexico who led a liberal reform movement to reshape mexican society, he attempted to create a middle class, granted universal male suffrage and other social freedoms, | 20 | |
| 6176311200 | porfirio diaz | the mexican dictator during the mexican revolution that the rebels tried to over throw | 21 | |
| 6176311201 | emiliano zapata | a revolutionary leader during the mexican revolution, he was the son of a mestizo peasant, he confiscated hacienda lands and redistributed them to peasants, he was killed when ambushed by government forces | 22 | |
| 6176312782 | francisco villa | another revolutionary leader during the mexican revolution, he was the son of a field worker, he attacked and killed us citizens in retaliation for us support of mexican government officials, he was assassinated in 1923 | 23 | |
| 6176315133 | domingo faustino sarmiento | an argentine president who despised the rule of the cuadillos, he was heavily influenced by the enlightenment | 24 | |
| 6176315134 | louis riel | leader of the metis and indigenous peoples of western canada, he assumed presidency of a provisional government in 1870, his government was soon outlawed by the canadian government officials and sent to exile, in 1885 he organized the northwestern rebellion as a form of resistance against the canadian transcontinental railroad and british settlement | 25 | |
| 6176316043 | jose hernandez | a poet who romanticized the guacho life and protested its decline in epic poetry, he proclaimed the pride of guachos | 26 | |
| 6176316044 | adela zaudio | a bolivian poet who wrote "to be born a man" which voiced her discontent with male domination and machismo, she bitterly pointed out that a talented women could not vote while ignorant males could | 27 |
