Terms : Hide Images
| 5870691094 | Decembrist Uprising | a revolt in Russia led by western-oriented military officers. Inspired Czar Nicholas I to more conservatism. It showed liberal values reached the Russian elite, and led to more oppression. Political opponents were repressed more, the secret police was expanded, and schools and newspapers were more supervised. | 0 | |
| 5870691095 | Crimean War | a war between the Ottomans and the Russians. France and Britain did not want Russia to gain that land because Britain feared it may threaten their hold on India, and because France wanted to be the Western champion of Christian rights, so they both helped the Ottomans. In the end, the Ottoman side beat Russia, causing disturbance in Russian leadership. | 1 | |
| 5870691096 | Trans-siberian Railroad | connected European Russia with the Pacific, and was completed in the 1880s. It was the crowning achievement of Russia's new railroad network that was started in 1870s. This railroad boom contributed to the expansion of the iron and coal sectors, and stimulated more export of grain to the west, earning enough money to buy western machinery. They also opened up Siberia to more development, giving Russia a more active and contested role. | 2 | |
| 5870691097 | Zemstvos | local, political councils. They regulated, roads schools, and policies in the area. The zemstvos were required since the nobles no longer directly rued the peasantry, but it gave middle class people like doctors and lawyers new political experience. They also dealt with local problems, but did not have any influence on national policies. | 3 | |
| 5870691098 | Sergei Witte | Minister of Finance from 1892 - 1903 and was in charge of modernizing the economy. Under him, the government created high tariffs to protects russian industries, improved its banking system, and encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia. He said "The inflow of foreign capital... is the only way by which our industry will be able to supply our country quickly with abundant and cheap products." | 4 | |
| 5870691099 | Intelligentsia | a group of the radical class of articulate intellectuals. They became more active when many business and professional people started arguing for liberal reforms. The intelligentsia however were more radical. They wanted political freedom and deep social reform, but wanted to have a different culture than the West because they thought it was too materialistic. | 5 | |
| 5870691100 | Vladimir Lenin | One of the most active Marxist leaders, he was from a bureaucratic family whose brother was hanged after a trial after being arrested. Following his brother's arrest, he introduced innovations in Marxism to make it better suited for Russia. He argued that due to the spread of capitalism, a proletariat was developed worldwide in advance of industrialization. Because of this, he argued that Russia could skip its distinct middle class phase and go straight to its proletarian revolution. He also insisted that disciplined revolutionary cells had to be maintained to maintain doctrinal purity and effective action, even under police repression. | 6 | |
| 5870691101 | Bolsheviks | a group of Russian Marxists, they were known as the majority party, but were actually a minority of the Russian Marxist movement. They were inspired by Lenin's approach to Marxism. | 7 | |
| 5870691102 | Duma | a national parliament. It was a part of the czarist regime to satisfy the public during the Russian Revolution of 1905 (it was targeted towards satisfying liberals.) | 8 | |
| 5870691103 | Stolypin Reforms | also part of the response towards the Russian Revolution of 1905. It was introduced by the interior minister, Piotyr Stolypin, and gave peasants greater freedom from redemption payments and village controls, and gave them the ability to buy and sell land more freely. The purpose was to make a more orderly, market-orientated peasantry in which successful farmers could become capitalists. However, the reforms fell apart quickly, the duma was stripped of power more and more, a few workers' rights were taken back, which triggered more strikes. | 9 | |
| 5870691104 | Kulaks | a minority of aggressive entrepreneurs. They began to increase agricultural production and buy land after the Stolypin Reforms. | 10 | |
| 5870699620 | Diet | What the new Japanese parliament was called, established in the [Japanese] constitution of 1889. The government established was modelled by Germany's (emperor commanded military directly). Diet could pass laws, upon agreement of both houses. | 11 | |
| 5870699621 | Zaibatsu | These were huge new industrial combines of the 1890s. They resulted from the accumulation of capital, and far-flung merchant/industrial operations. The term is now used when talking of the financial clique of Japan. | 12 | |
| 5870699622 | Sino-Japanese War | A war fought between Japan and Chinese from 1894-1895. This war was fought over influence in korea; Japan's victory was their first step toward expansion. Their win established their superiority over all other Asian powers. | 13 | |
| 5870699623 | Matthew Perry | An American Commodore in 1853. He arrived in the Edo Bay near Tokyo, Japan with a squadron and used threats of bombardment to insist trade with Americans be allowed. | 14 | |
| 5870699624 | Tokugawa Shogunate | The Tokugawa shogunate was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867. The head of government was the shogun, and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan. The establishment of this shogunate was very 'loud' in comparison to the 1850's and after. | 15 | |
| 5870699625 | Meiji Restoration | The political revolution in 1868 that brought about the ended the Tokugawa shogunate (military government), ending the Tokugawa period, 1603-1867, and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under emperor Meiji. An era of major political, economic, and social change that brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country. | 16 |
