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| 9308355935 | Indira Gandhi | Indian PM from 1966 to 1984. Treid to feed the people and improve th eliving standards of one of the poorest and most populous nations on earth. Found a way to balance the US and Soviet Superpwoers. | 0 | |
| 9308362470 | Leaders in Africa and Asia, what they promised vs what actually happened | Promised jobs, civil rights, and equality once independence was one. Nurtured idea of post independence utopia, but post-independenc erealities ade it impossible for them to fulfill expectations aroused. | 1 | |
| 9308396023 | Separation of East and W pakistan | Contrasts of topography and culture led to violence and secession of the area that became Bangladesh. Recurring problems of famine and pervasive malnutrition stemmed from human conflicts and natural disasters. | 2 | |
| 9308398542 | Increase of pop in 3rd world countries | Food crops from the New World contributed to the rapid increase of pop in China, India, and Java, also helped sustain high levels of pop in places like Niger dleta and West Afria. Colonial rule reinforced upward trends, ending local warfare that caused pop losses and promoted spread of epidemic disease and famine. Railroad and steamship links also fostered the spread of the market economy. Death rates declined, birth rates remained the same. | 3 | |
| 9308422580 | Drastic increases in Africa's populaiton | Began with low pop levels relative to large land area, very high birth rates and diminished mortality rates= huge pop increass. Emerging nations found it dificult to draw food and mineral resources from the rest of the world to feed growing population. | 4 | |
| 9308427866 | Africa and Asia, resistance to birth control | Resistance to birth control efforts aimed at controlling pop growth. Some of resistance linked to deeply entrenched social patterns and religious beliefs, and procreation is a sign of male virility. | 5 | |
| 9308432971 | Lineage, children in Africa | Children are seen as the extended network of relatives that makes up the core social group over much of the subcontinent. As in India, sons are essential for continuing the roles played by women in agricultural production. | 6 | |
| 9308438817 | High rates of stillbirths and infant mortality, before th 20th century | There would be many of the children who get killed. Forstered the convcition that it was needed to have many children to ensure some owuld outlive parents. In socieites where welfare systems and old age pensions were meager or unknwon, surviving children took on special urgency bc they were the only ones who would care for parents who could no longer work for themselves. | 7 | |
| 9308446058 | Excessive population increase, birth control | Increasingly clear that too much pop makes econa dvance impossible, so leaders are now in favor of birth control. However, leaders often find they lack sufficent resources andeducated ppl to make programs efffective. | 8 | |
| 9308452687 | Crowding of the cities | Ambitious youth and rurla poor have crowded the cities. However, there are few jobs and heavy comp for them ensures wages would remain low for hem. | 9 | |
| 9308459461 | Urban poor, volatile factor in the poli struggles of the elite | Form the crowds willing for a price to cheer on one contender or jeer down another and are ready to riot and oot in times of gov crisis. | 10 | |
| 9308463844 | Cities,'parasitic' | Shanties= now starting to have electrical and sanitayr systems. SLums often provide the only housing urban dwellers will find for some time to come. Burdened with postcolonial socs with parasticic cities, meaning they are heavily dependent for survival on food and resources from their countryside or abroad. No manufacturing abse to generate growth in regions or nation. Take from countryside. | 11 | |
| 9308469314 | Rural depletion in developing nations | Resulted in deforestation, cutting trees for fuel or clear land for farming and livestock grazing. Logging firms are also doing this to hardwood trees in Africa. Produces further soil depletion and erosion and encourage desertification. Poachers also kill wildlife. | 12 | |
| 9308480735 | Industrial pollution in 3rd world nations | Waste runoff and spills from mines and oil fields that is pervasive in both developed countries and emerging nations. Polllution= proportionallly greater than in developed world bc they can't afford antipollution tech introduced in 1st world countries. | 13 | |
| 9308490674 | Benazir Bhutto | PM of Pakistan | 14 | |
| 9308492375 | Corazon Aquino | Pres of Phillipines. | 15 | |
| 9308498750 | Women in politics, 3rd world nations | Have been at best relegated to peripheral poli positions and at worst allowed no participation in poli process. | 16 | |
| 9308501551 | Women, anxiety about adequate nutrition | Presence of male-centric customs directly affects the health and life expectancy of women. Indian tradition that states women first serve hurbands and sons then eat leftovers=measn that quantity and nutritional content of leftovers is lower than original meals, and flies and idsease insencts have fouled the food. | 17 | |
| 9308512910 | Primary products, changing prices and effects on 3rd world nations | Primary products have decline in price= created nightmares for planners in developing nations, revenue estimates from sale fo coffee or copper in years when price is high are used to plan government projects for building roads, factories, and dams. Market slumps can wipe out critical funds, retarding econ growth and throwing countries in debt. | 18 | |
| 9308517201 | Neocolonial economy | Global economy that has been dominated by industrialized nations. | 19 | |
| 9308522911 | Corruption in 3rd world countries | Used their positions to enrich themselves and their rleatives at the expense of society. Inability and refusal of many regimes to carry out key social reforms like land redistribution ahs contributed to persistence of patterns. | 20 | |
| 9308546206 | Int'l assistance to 3rd world nations | Have ganed some resources this way, but the industrialized nations have demanded major concessions in return for their aid. These have ranged from commitments to buy the products of lending countries to allowing bases on thier territory. | 21 | |
| 9308559062 | Int'l assistance- economic regulations that determine how money is to be invested and repaid | Often include promises to make major changes in economy, like a commitment to remove or reduce state subsidies on food and other important cons items. These reductions ahve led to social unrest, riots, and collapse or near collapse of post colonial regimes. | 22 | |
| 9308569729 | Kwame Nkrumah | Lead ghana's independence movement. Moved to initiate programs that would translate his high aspirations for his ppl into relaity, but rival poli parties repeatedly challenged his initatives and tried to block efforts to carry out plans. leftist leanings won support from Soviet bloc but frightened W investors and led to growing hostility from noncommie countries. Cocoa also fell sharply hitting the ghanaian coca farmers, so he became very dictatorial | 23 | |
| 9308579794 | Nkumrah becomes dictatorial | He won't give up or cut back development plans, forcibly crushed all poli opposition by banning rival parties and jailing poli leaders. Also sought to hold onto loyalty of masses through highly staged events and manipulation of invented symbols and traditions said to be derived from Ghana's past. Made many enemies, and he died in exile in 1872. | 24 | |
| 9308587507 | Military takeovers in 3rd world countries | It happens quite a bit. They have imposed varying degrees of repression, and have been notorious for official corruption adn for killing dissidents. | 25 | |
| 9308592522 | Gamal abdel Nasser | Took power in 1952, egypt. | 26 | |
| 9308597403 | Free officers movement | Evolved from a secret org established in Egyptian army in the 30s. Founded by young officers of Egyptian descent, they were also allied to Muslim Brutherhood. | 27 | |
| 9308599539 | Founding of Free officers mvt | Founded by Hasan al-Banna, a school techer who studied in this youth with Muhammad Abduh. Founded muslim brotherhood. Committed to revivalist approcah to Islam, and on a program of social uplift and sweeping reforms. Involved in promoting trade unions and building medical clinics for women, pushing for land reform. | 28 | |
| 9308605733 | Destruction of the Khedival and parliamentary regime | Anger over egypti's humiliating defeats in the Arab-Israeli War of 48 and a clash in the Suez canal. Smash the monarchy in Egypt and Nasser is established. He became the head of a military gov, became dictator. | 29 | |
| 9308612084 | Nasser tries to developp econ | Land reform and redistribution, state financed education made available to egyptians, state subsidies to lower price of basic food staples, state controlled development schemes. | 30 | |
| 9308619131 | Nasser establishes Egyptian econ independence | Stiff restriction on foreign investment and seizes foreign properties and does interventionist FP to smash Israel, forge Arab unity, and foment socialist revs. | 31 | |
| 9308621078 | Backfiring of Nasser's initatives | Land reform efforts frustrated by bureacratic corruption and clever landlords, the Aswan Dam project was a complete failure. | 32 | |
| 9308634292 | Anwar Sadat | Dismantled the massive state appartus made and favored private rather thans tate initatives. Middle class became a powerful force. Sadat also ended confrontation with israel and Egyptian support for rev mvts in Arab world. expelled Russians, opened Egypt to investment from the W. Hosni Mubarak furthered these directions. | 33 | |
| 9308637938 | Hosni Mubarak | Succesor of Sadat, furthered his policies. | 34 | |
| 9308647992 | India, good development compared to other nations | India is still a functioning democracy. Civil liberties ahve been upheld. | 35 | |
| 9308649288 | Nehru, economic ideas | Used state and private initatives. Pushed state intervention in some sectors and econouraged foreign investment from countries in rival blocs in cold war. The nation has been able to build on intiatil advantages in industrial infrastructure and skilled mangerial and labor endowment. Big capitalist esctor encouraged ambitious farer to invest in the green rev. | 36 | |
| 9308652982 | Green Rev | Intro of improved seed strains, fertilizers, irrigation to make higher crop yields. Has generated revenue to promote literacy and village development, family pallnning, improvement projects. | 37 | |
| 9308655418 | India, socioecon divide | There is several cities really wealthy, but 50 percent of India's ppl gained little from development plans adn econ growht. | 38 | |
| 9308670107 | South Africa, minority rule | The whites in SA did apartheid. | 39 | |
| 9308675270 | Ayatollah Khomini | Throwback to the religious fervor of anticolonial mvts in the 180s. Wanted to smash W backed governments. Sought to build a lasting state on Islamic precedents. | 40 | |
| 9308678784 | Khomeini's rev, success | Owed to seizing power in a unique set of cicumstances. Reduced to a sphere of infromal influence,s o no bureacratic or coms infrastructures that accompanied colonial takeovers were highly developed there, and no big W ed middle class emerge, so ipetus for modernization was from the Phalvi shahs. | 41 | |
| 9308684382 | Shah of Iran | Imposed econ development and soc change. Advances happened but he alienated the Iranians, and he was very repressive and offended the emerging middle classes. Flaunted Islamic conventions and neglect of Islamic worhsip enraged ayatollahs and mullahs. | 42 | |
| 9308690350 | Khomeini comes to power | Establishes a radical Islamic state. Distanced the nation from atheistic commies and the W. Got rid of women's rights, stoning for womena nd amputation of limbs for theft. Also drew up schemes for land reform, relgious ed, econ development. | 43 | |
| 9308693995 | Iran Iraq War | Started up and swallowed huge amounts of Iranian energies. Determination to smash Saddam caused heavy losses and untold suffering to the iranian ppl. US soon began supplying both sides, and hundreds of thousands of poorly armed ppl died before Khomeini agreed to an armistice in 88. More elections have happened, although these trends have been reversed by US hostility, which has strengthened the hand of religious hardliners and opened the way for repression of moderate pro-democracy forces through poli repression. | 44 | |
| 9308702675 | S Africa Apartheid | S africa= largest and most populous area. White settlers had won control of S africa and dominated all aspects of S african life. Imposed a system of extreme segregation all races of S Africa. | 45 | |
| 9308710399 | Homelands in S Africa | Designated for main ehtnolinguistic or tribal groups in the black African pop. Would have left blacks with small portion of the poorest land in S africa. White minority = guaranteed a ready supply of black labor. | 46 | |
| 9308717701 | Regime tries to capitalize on personal and ethnic divisions in black majority community | Favoritism to some leaders and groups to keep them from uniting. Many advocates of black majority rule in a multiracial society became guerilla resistance,s o the S A gov responded w/ state of emergency and smashed up the guerillas. | 47 | |
| 9308722206 | FW De Klerk | ModerateAfriakner leaders pushed for refoms that began to dismantle the sys of apartheid. Release of key blacks = white majority was ready to negotiate abt future of S African polis and soc. | 48 | |
| 9308725122 | The ANC comes to power | Led by Mandela. Proved to be highly skillful and respected and great moderating force in S A arena. | 49 | |
| 9308729510 | SA"s further challenges. | Bitter interethnic rivalries in the blackmajrity community have yet to be resolved, like the Zulus and Xhosas, hard line white supremacists continue, and the way to reform institutions adn redistribute wealth of S Africa difficult. | 50 |
