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| 6608621778 | lost generation | a quote said by gertrude stein to her fellow american writer ernest hemingway, label was given to the american intellectuals in Paris during the post war years, it was expressed in poetry and fiction, and characterized US and european thought after the war | 0 | |
| 6608630574 | uncertainty principle | a theory created by werner heisenberg in 1927, the theory stated that it was impossible to specify the position and the velocity of a subatomic particle at the same time, it caused the demand for exact calculations of classical physics to be replaced by probability calculations, the theory also had philosophical meanings; it questioned truth, and cause/effect | 1 | |
| 6608642214 | psychoanalysis | a theory created by sigmund freud, he claimed his theory was the key to understanding human behavior, this theory shaped the psychiatric profession and established a strong presence in literature and the arts, the through sought to explain the root causes of mental disorders | 2 | |
| 6608652013 | black thursday | october 24th, 1929, stock prices plummeted and caused a wave of panic, it was caused by investors selling their stocks and pulling out of the market and caused the market to collapse, it was the spark of the great depression | 3 | |
| 6608660452 | great depression | caused by a series of financial issues throughout the world after the great war; overproduction of goods and falling prices, sparked by the stock market crash of 1929, many people lost their life savings and jobs and homes, it destroyed international, financial, and commercial networks of the capitalist economy, production declined by 38% and trade dropped 66% | 4 | |
| 6608675290 | new deal | a program created by FDR that used similar ideas to john maynard keynes, it was a reform program to reinflate the economy and to stop the great depression, it tried to prevent the collapse of the banking system, provide jobs, allow unions, guaranteed minimum wage, and provide social security, made the government responsible for helping the economy | 5 | |
| 6608689430 | red terror | a communist campaign led by lenin in russia, the campaign had all whites (non-communists) arrested, tried, and executed, killed 200,000 people including tsar nicholas ii and his wife | 6 | |
| 6608694406 | war communism | a hasty and unplanned course of nationalism, with this policy the government assumed ownership and control of banks, industry, and privately held commercial properties; ie monasteries, churches, it also abolished private trade and seized crops from peasants to feed people in the cities | 7 | |
| 6608701158 | new economic policy | a program implemented by lenin to show his willingness to compromise, his new policy restored the market economy, the government returned small-scale industries to private ownership, it also allowed peasants to sell extra crops at free market prices, the program also included the establishment of technical schools | 8 | |
| 6608709979 | five-year plans | stalin's replacement for lenin's economic policy, it was an ambitious plan for rapid economic growth, goal; to transform russia into a leading industrial power, increased productivity of heavy industry, it was a bold alternative to market capitalism | 9 | |
| 6608720642 | kulaks | relatively wealthy peasants who had risen to prosperity during the NEP, they only made up 3-5% of the peasants, collectivization was enforced most harshly against them | 10 | |
| 6608725288 | collectivization | the soviet state created collective/cooperative farm units whose profits were shared by all farmers, this practice/policy was viewed as a way to increase the efficiency of agricultural productions so that industrial workers were fed, it was enforced most strictly on the kulaks and some peasants reacted by killing their animals and burning their crops | 11 | |
| 6608733302 | fascism | a political movement/ideology that sough to create a new type of society, it developed as a reaction against liberal democracy and the spread of socialism and communism, widely popular in society, only made its way into governments in italy and germany, it was very attractive to nationalists, racist towards other ethnicities, practiced veneration of the state and its strong leaders, ethnocentric | 12 | |
| 6608740431 | weimar republic | the democratic german party that replaced the german empire in 1919, the government that hitler tried to overthrow in 1923 | 13 | |
| 6608742820 | national socialist german workers' party | the nazi movement, hitler became a chairmen of the party in 1921, the party tried to overthrow the weinmar republic, the party attracted people who felt alienated from society, very anti-sematic | 14 | |
| 6608746435 | anti-semitism | prejudice against jews, it was a key component of nazi rule, it was based on biological racial theories, the official goal of the nazi regime was jewish emigration | 15 | |
| 6608749653 | nuremberg laws | enforced in 1935, laws that deprived german jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual relations between jews and other germans, they took steps to eliminate jews from economic life | 16 | |
| 6608753669 | kristallnacht | caused the jewish exodus in germany to gain urgency, "the night of broken glass", 9-10th of november 1938, the nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of jewish stores, the burning of synagogues, and the murder of 100+ jews | 17 | |
| 6610526077 | ernest hemingway | an american novelist who lived in paris during the post world war i years, he was one of the many writers whose views towards war majorly changed during the great war, his book A Farewell to Arms was filled with images of meaningless suffering and death, he was call part of the "lost generation" by fellow american writer gertrude stein | 18 | |
| 6610526898 | oswald spengler | a german school teacher who made it big when he published The Decline of the West, in his essay he proposed that all societies pass through a life cycle of growth and decay similar to the biological cycle of living organisms, he concluded that european society had entered into its final stage of existence | 19 | |
| 6610526899 | john maynard keynes | the most influential economist of the 20th century, he offered a solution to the economic decline of the great depression, he stated that the key cause of the depression was that millions of people who were willing to work could not find jobs, he said that there was too much supply and not enough demand, he urged the government to intervene and try to stimulate the economy, he also encouraged them to undertake public works projects to provide jobs which would give people money to buy goods which would increase demand and lead to economic revival | 20 | |
| 6610527740 | albert einstein | created the theory of relativity which was the first step in the transformation in the charter of science, his theory stated that there was no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe, the theory also said that it made no sense to speak of space and time as absolutes bc their measurements always vary with the motion of the observer, also suggested that science had reached the limits of what could be known with certainty | 21 | |
| 6610527741 | werner heisenberg | formulated a new theory in 1927 "about the quantum-theoretical reinterpretation of kinetic and mechanical relationships" more commonly known as the uncertainty principle | 22 | |
| 6610528792 | sigmund freud | a medical doctor from vienna who focused his research on psychological explanations of mental disorders, he identified a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes that cause neurotic behaviors, he believed that dreams held the key to the deepest human thoughts, his doctrines shaped the psychiatric profession | 23 | |
| 6610528793 | edgar degas | a french impressionist who was influenced by 19th century japanese prints, and his study of these prints led him to experiment with visual angles and and asymmetrical compositions | 24 | |
| 6610528798 | paul gaugiun | a postimpressionist painter who fled to central america and tahiti, he was inspired by primitive art there saying that it held a sense of wonder that the civilized people no longer possessed | 25 | |
| 6610529601 | pablo picasso | a spanish painter who was the leading proponent of cubism which was a style influenced by african art forms | 26 | |
| 6610530191 | franklin delano roosevelt | the US president during the second half of the great depression, he used the theory of keynesian economics to create the new deal to bring the US out of their great depression and reinflate the economy and and ease the suffering caused by the great depression | 27 | |
| 6610530192 | VI Lenin | the leader of the bolshevik party who had taken power of russia and created a dictatorship of the proletariat, he ruled russian throughout its civil war and started a program of red terror, he also led russia through an era of economic reform called the new economic policy | 28 | |
| 6610530763 | joseph stalin | lenin's successor who created his own dictatorship in the Soviet Union | 29 | |
| 6610531774 | benito mussolini | the man who started the italian fascist movement in italy, he gained public support through effective use of violence towards socialists by armed squads called blackshirts, he made an alliance with the germans and became more anti-sematic through that alliance | 30 | |
| 6610531775 | adolf hitler | the leader of the nazi party in germany postww2 and treaty of versailles, he was elected chancellor of the weimar republic and then rose to power was was determined to create the third reich, he was very anti-sematic and blamed the jews for germany's loss in ww1 and was determined to get the out of germany | 31 |
