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| 4869527499 | China is isolated by | Himalaya, Pamir, Tian, Takla Makan, and Gobi Mountains mountains | 0 | |
| 4869527500 | East Asia covered with mountains | Makes overland travel and transport difficult | 1 | |
| 4869527501 | Great River Systems are | Yellow and Yangzi Rivers and their tributaries facilitate east-west movement | 2 | |
| 4869527502 | Xinjiang and Tibet | Lived by herding | 3 | |
| 4869527503 | Climate zones of East Asia | -Range from dry, subarctic reaches of Manchuria in the north to lush, subtropical forests of the south -variety of animals and plants | 4 | |
| 4869527504 | Monsoons that affect India and Southeast Asia | -Drench southern China with heavy rainfall in the summer, most beneficial time for agriculture -northern China rainfall is more erratic | 5 | |
| 4869527505 | Chinese civilization developments | -developed in adverse conditions on northern plains (demanding environment that stimulated technologies and political traditions) | 6 | |
| 4869527506 | Third Century C.E. | Gradual flow of population toward the warmer southern lands causing political and intellectual center to move south | 7 | |
| 4869527507 | Eastern Valley and North China Plain contains | Timber, stone, scattered deposits of metals and productive land | 8 | |
| 4869527508 | Loess | Winds blowing from Central Asia deposit a yelowish-brown dist | 9 | |
| 4869527509 | Thick mantle of soil has accumulated that is extremely fertile and soft | Worked with wooden digging sticks | 10 | |
| 4869527510 | Agriculture requires... | Coordinated efforts of large numbers of peope | 11 | |
| 4869527511 | Earthen dikes | Constructed to protect nearby fields from recurrent floods on the Yellow River | 12 | |
| 4869527512 | To cope with periodic droughts... | Reservoirs were dug to store river water and rainfall | 13 | |
| 4869527513 | Retaining walls | Partitioned the hillsides into flat arable terraces | 14 | |
| 4869527514 | Staple crops in Northern Region | Millet, a grain indigenous to China and wheat, which spread to East Asia from the Middle East | 15 | |
| 4869527515 | Cultivation of Rice | Required a great outlay of labor | 16 | |
| 4869527516 | Rice paddies (fields where rice is grown) | Must be flat and surrounded by water channels to bring and lead away water according to precise schdeule | 17 | |
| 4869527517 | Flooding eliminates... | Weeds and rival planets; supports microscopic organisms that keep the soil fertile | 18 | |
| 4869527518 | Cultivation Rice process | 1. Crop is ripe 2.Paddy is drained 3.Rice stalks are harvested with a sickle 4.Edible kernels are separated out | 19 | |
| 4869527519 | Neolithic population of China grew... | -Millet, raised pigs and chickens and used stone tools -Workers made pottery on a wheel and fired it in high-temperature kilns | 20 | |
| 4869527520 | Production of Silk | 1.Raising silkworms on the leaves of mulberry trees 2. Unravel their cocoons to produce silk thread | 21 | |
| 4869527521 | Built walls of pounded earth by... | Hammering soil inside temporary wooden frames until it becomes cement | 22 | |
| 4869527522 | 2000 B.C.E | Chinese begun to make bronze | 23 | |
| 4869527523 | Yellow Emperor | Ideal and benevolent masters in a tranquil Golden Age | 24 | |
| 4869527524 | Yellow Emperor then... | Xia Dynasty who were in turn succeeded by the Shang dynasty | 25 | |
| 4869527525 | Shang Period | 1766-1045 B.C.E (written documents only appear toward the end of Shang rule) | 26 | |
| 4869527526 | Oracle Bones | Shoulder bones of cattle and the bottom shells of turtles employed the Shang rulers to obtain information from ancestral spirits and gods | 27 | |
| 4869527527 | Writing on Oracle Bones concerns... | Kings, his court, weather and its impact of agriculture , warfare against enemies and religious practices with some aspects of Shang society (same limitations to treasure-filled tombs of Shang ruling class) | 28 | |
| 4869527528 | Earliest Oracle Bone | -date to 13 century B.C.E -sophisticated that some scholars believe writing in China is older | 29 | |
| 4869527529 | Shang writing system | Has several hundred characters were originally pictures of objects that become simplified over time with each character represents a one-syllable word for an object (small number of people used in courts) | 30 | |
| 4869527530 | Shang writing system | Ancestor of the systems used in China and East Asia today (later Chinese writing developed thousands of more complex characters that provide information about both the meaning of the word and its sound | 31 | |
| 4869527531 | Di, supreme god | Resides in the sky and unleashes the power of storms, is distant and unconcerned with the fate of humans and cant be approached directly | 32 | |
| 4869527532 | When people die... | Their spirits survive in the same supernatural sphere as Di and other gods of nature | 33 | |
| 4869527533 | Ancestral spirits organized in... | Heavenly hierarchy that mirrors the social hierarchy on earth, can intervene in human affairs | 34 | |
| 4869527534 | Shang ruler has direct access to... | More recent ancestors, who have access to earlier generations, who can, in turn, intercede with Di | 35 | |
| 4869527535 | What is the ruler crucial to? | Ruler is the crucial link between Heaven and earth using his unrivaled access to higher powers to promote agricultural productivity and protect his people from natural and man-made disaster | 36 | |
| 4869527536 | Where was the king? | The king was often on the road, traveling to the courts of his subordinates to reinforce loyalty but its uncertain how much territory in the Northern China Plain was ruled under Shang | 37 | |
| 4869527537 | Excavation sites show... | Artistic and technological traditions so different that they are probably the products of independent groups | 38 | |
| 4869527538 | Both lack of writing and Han-era conception had always been unified.... | Obsecure from us the probable ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity of early China | 39 | |
| 4869527539 | Shang elite | Warrior class reveling in warfare, hunting, exchanging gifts, feasting and drinking | 40 | |
| 4869527540 | Shang elite | Fought with bronze weapons and rode into battle on horse-drawn chariots | 41 | |
| 4869527541 | Frequent military campaigns... | Provided warriors with a theater for brave achievement and yielded considerable plunder (prisoners of war taken and made into slaves and sacrificial victims) | 42 | |
| 4869527542 | Excavated tombs of Shang royal and elite families | From the vicinity of Anyang contain large quantities of value objects and musical instruments , jewelry, mirrors weapons and bronze vessels | 43 | |
| 4869527543 | Valuable objects made of | metal,jade,bone, ivory, shell and stone | 44 | |
| 4869527544 | Bronze vessels | Decorated with stylized depictions of real and imaginary animals, were used to make offerings to ancestral spirits | 45 | |
| 4869527545 | Possessions of bronze objexts | Sign of status and authority | 46 | |
| 4869527546 | Tombs contained... | Bodies of family members, servants and prisoners of war who were killed at this time of burial | 47 | |
| 4869527547 | Served the main occupant of the tomb in afterlife?? | Objects and people | 48 | |
| 4869527548 | Shang cities not preserved because | Of climate of northern China and building materials used | 49 | |
| 4869527549 | Cities construction | Cities were protected by massive walls of ponded earth and building were constructed with wooden posts and dried mud | 50 | |
| 4869527550 | Sites appear to have served... | Different centers of political control and religion, with palaces, administrative buildings and storehouses, royal tombs, shrine of gods and ancestors and houses of the nobility | 51 | |
| 4869527551 | Common people lived | In agriculture villages outside these centers | 52 | |
| 4869527552 | Mandate of Heaven | the institution of monarchy by connecting the religious and political spheres, served as foundation of Chinese political thought for 3000 years | 53 | |
| 4869527553 | Zhou Rule (1045-771 B.C.E) | More know of this era because of survival of written texts, above all the BOOK OF DOCUMENTS | 54 | |
| 4869527554 | Book of Documents | Collection of decrees, letters and other historical and pseudo-historical records (some written by early emperors of legend) | 55 | |
| 4869527555 | Book of Songs | Anthology of 305 poems, ballads, and folk songs that illuminate the lives of rulers, nobles and peasants | 56 | |
| 4869527556 | Zhou elite | Recorded their careers and cited honors received from rulers in bronze inscriptions | 57 | |
| 4869527557 | King Wu | Distributed territories to his relatives and allies (which administer an profit as long as they stay loya to him) to consolidate power | 58 | |
| 4869527558 | Regional rulers | Apportioned pieces of their holding to supporters, creating a pyramid structure of political, social and economic relation (feudal) | 59 | |
| 4869527559 | Cheng | Too young to assume full powers after Wu's death, kingdom was ran by uncles (especially the Duke of Zhou) | 60 | |
| 4869527560 | Duke of Zhou | One of the most famous figures because the philosopher Confucius later celebrated him as the ideal administrator who selflessly served as regent for his young nephew during delicate time of dynasty then returns power as soon as the lawful ruler came to age | 61 | |
| 4869527561 | Zhou rulers | Constructed new capital city and urban centers developed in succeeding centuries (near modern Xi'an) | 62 | |
| 4869527562 | How were cities laid out? | Laid out on a grid plan aligned with the north polar star, with gates in the fortification walls opening to the cardinal directions and major building facing south | 63 | |
| 4869527563 | Feng Shui (wind and water) | To orient structures so that they would be in a harmonious relationship with the terrain, the forces of wind, water and sunlight and the invisible energy perceived to be flowing through the natural world | 64 | |
| 4869527564 | Method of divination | Involving throwing down a handful of long and short stalks of the milfoil or yarrow plant and interpreting patterns they formed | 65 | |
| 4869527565 | Book of Changes | Explained in detail the meaning of each of the 64 standard patterns formed by the stalks (later, was practiced and text was used for self-examination and contemplation of workings) | 66 | |
| 4869527566 | Book of Songs | Provides glimpses into the lives, activities, and feelings of diverse cross section of early chinese people (elite and common, male and female, urban and rural) | 67 | |
| 4869527567 | Books of Songs | Some described men and women choosing each other and engaging in sex outside of marriage | 68 | |
| 4869527568 | Book of Songs | Poems tell of arranged marriages in which young woman anxiously leave home and birth family behind and journeys to household of an unknown husband and new family | 69 | |
| 4869527569 | Book of Songs | Poem describes the different ways infant boys and girls were welcomed into an aristo family -male was received like a little prince (placed on bed, swaddled in expensive robes and given a jade specter to play with as symbol of future authority -female placed on floor, given weight from weaving loom to indicate future obligations of subservience and household labor | 70 | |
| 4869527570 | Eleventh to eighth centuries B.C.E | Zhou monarch eroded because of feudal division of territory and power | 71 | |
| 4869527571 | 771 B.C.E | Zhou capital was attacked by coalition of enemies and the dynasty withdrew a base to farther east Luoyang | 72 | |
| 4869527572 | Eastern Zhou Period 770-221 B.C.E | A long era in which Zhou monarchs remained as figureheads, given only nominal allegiance by the rulers of independent states scattered across northern and central China | 73 | |
| 4869527573 | 1st Part of Eastern Zhou | Spring and Autumn Period 770-481 B.C.E because of survival of a text the Spring and Autumn Annals, provide historical record of events in small eastern state of Lu | 74 | |
| 4869527574 | Spring and Autumn Period | States were frequently odds with one another and employed tactics to protect themselves and advance their interests (diplomatic initiatives, shifting alliances and coups and assassinations and warfare) | 75 | |
| 4869527575 | Warfare | Persistent feature of the period and were important transformations in the character and technology of war | 76 | |
| 4869527576 | Shang and early Zhou periods | Warfare largely had been conducted by member of elite (rode chariots) treated battle as opportunity to display their skills and courage and adhered to a code of heroic conduct | 77 | |
| 4869527577 | Conflicts of Zhou era | Much larger armies made up of conscripted farmers who fought battles, constrained noble etiquette causing some to be slaughtered | 78 | |
| 4869527578 | Men undertook the study of war and composed handbooks such as.... | Sunzi's Art of War | 79 | |
| 4869527579 | Sunzi | Approaches war as a chess game in which the successful general employs deception, intuit the energy potential inherit in the landscape and psychologically manipulates both friend and for | 80 | |
| 4869527580 | Technological advances impacted.... | Warfare | 81 | |
| 4869527581 | Late centuries of Zhou | Chinese learned from Nomadic peoples of northern steppes to put fighters on horseback | 82 | |
| 4869527582 | 600 B.C.E | Iron began to replace bronze as primary mental for tools and weapons (Ironworking came to china from nomadic peoples of northwest) | 83 | |
| 4869527583 | Metalworkers in China | First in the world to forge steel by removing carbon during the iron-smelting process | 84 | |
| 4869527584 | Chinese states administered | The development of increasing size and complexity of the governments | 85 | |
| 4869527585 | Rulers ordered careful recording of population, the land and its agricultural products | so the government could compel peasants to donate labor for public work projects (digging and maintaining channels and building roads, defensive walls and palaces), conscript them into army and collect taxes. | 86 | |
| 4869527586 | Skilled officials supervised... | The expanding bureaucracies of scribes, accountants and surveyors and advised the rulers on various matters | 87 | |
| 4869527587 | Class of educated and ambitious men.... | Traveled from state to state offering services to the rulers and theories of an ideal government | 88 | |
| 4869527588 | Two most influential philosophical systems of Chinese civilization | Confucianism and Daoism | 89 | |
| 4869527589 | Kongzi or Confucius | Withdrew from public life after unsuccessful efforts to find employee the as an official and adviser to several rulers of the day | 90 | |
| 4872699213 | Confucius attracted students and..... | presented his ideas on morality, conduct and government, his saying were handed down orally by several generations | 91 | |
| 4884663608 | Confucius sayings were.... | Handed down orally by generations of disciples before being compiled in written form as Analects | 92 | |
| 4884663609 | Analects | Believed (probably wrong) to have been edited by Confucius | 93 | |
| 4884663610 | Book of Documents, the Book of Songs, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Annals | Core texts of Confucianism | 94 | |
| 4884663611 | Confucius looked back to early Zhou period as a Golden Age of...... | Wise rulers Benevolent government | 95 | |
| 4884663612 | Confucius places great importance to... | Rituals, form of behavior, that guide people in their daily interactions with one another since they promote harmony in human relations | 96 | |
| 4884663613 | Family was fundamental component of society | Family members regulated their conduct in the home preparing them to serve as subjects of the sate | 97 | |
| 4885548433 | Each person has their own duties in hierarchical order | Determined by age and gender | 98 | |
| 4885548434 | Filiality of children to parents | Obedience, reverence and love, had its analogue i n the devotion of subjects to the ruler analogue in the devotion of subjects to the ruler | 99 | |
| 4885548435 | Ren (humaneness) | Feeling between family members and was expanded into a universal ideal of benevolence and compassion that would pervade every activity | 100 | |
| 4885548436 | Confucianism placed value on... | Practical task of making society function at every level | 101 | |
| 4885548437 | Philosophical and ethical framework for.... | Conducting one' s life and understanding one' s place in the world | 102 | |
| 4885548438 | Confucius urged respect for gods, ancestors and religious traditions | Felt supernatural matters were unknowable Confucius ideas were little known in is own time | 103 | |
| 4885548439 | Confucius ideas were little know in his own time | But teachings were preserved and spread to wider audience | 104 | |
| 4885548440 | Mengzi (Mencius in the West, 371-289 B.C.E) | -Did much to popularize Confucian ideas in his age -believed in the essential goodness of all human beings -argued that if people were shown the right way by virtuoso leaders they would voluntarily me compelled to do right things | 105 | |
| 4885548441 | Xunzi (ca. 310-210 B.C.E) | -people had to be compelled to make right choices | 106 | |
| 4898131070 | Daoism | Withdrawal from the empty formalities, rigid hierarchy and distractions of Chinese society | 107 | |
| 4898131071 | Laozi | Originator of Daoism (nothing is known of him) some scholars doubt his extistence | 108 | |
| 4898131072 | Laozi is credited with... | Foundational text of Daoism, the Classic of the Way of Virtue | 109 | |
| 4898131073 | Classic of the Way of Virtue | A difficult book full of ambiguity and paradox, beautiful poetic images and tantalizing hints of 'truths' that cannot be explained with words | 110 | |
| 4898131074 | Classic of the Way of Virtue | Raises question about whether the material world in which we operate is a real kind of dream that blocks us from perceiving a higher reality | 111 | |
| 4898131075 | Classic of the Way of Virtue | Argues that education, knowledge, and rational analysis are obstacles to understanding and we are better off cultivating our senses ad trusting our institutions | 112 | |
| 4898131076 | Daoist sage strives to... | -lead a tranquil existence by retreating from the stresses and obligations of a chaotic society | 113 | |
| 4898131077 | Daoist sage strives to... | -avoid useless struggles | 114 | |
| 4898131078 | Daoist sage strives to... | -makes himself soft so forces can flow harmlessly around him | 115 | |
| 4898131079 | Daoist sage strives to... | -chooses not to act since action leads to different action desired | 116 | |
| 4898131080 | Daoist sage strives to... | -not fear of death since its a transformation to another plane of existence | 117 | |
| 4898131087 | All that matters is the individuals understanding of and accommodation of | The Dao | 118 | |
| 4909363418 | Dao | Path of nature | 119 | |
| 4909377115 | Daoism and Confucianism adapted to changes in Chinese society and incorporating elements of | Traditional religion, mysticism and magic | 120 | |
| 4909384974 | How can someone be both practice Daoism and Confucianism | Confucian in their work and public life but Daoist in privacy of their study | 121 | |
| 4909397959 | Kinship structures based on the clan gave way to.... | Three-generation family of grandparents, parents and children as fundamental social unit | 122 | |
| 4909416746 | Fathers have absolute authority over... | Women and children, arranged marriages for offsprings, sell labor for family members | 123 | |
| 4909424264 | ONLY MEN can... | Conduct rituals and make offerings to the ancestors (women help maintain household shrines) | 124 | |
| 4909437792 | A man whose wife died has a duty to... | Remarry in order to produce male heirs to keep alive cult of ancestors (women were not) | 125 | |
| 4909467899 | Yin/Yang | Represented the complementary nature of male and male roles in natural order | 126 | |
| 4909470885 | Yang (male) | Equals sun; active, bright and shining | 127 | |
| 4909476057 | Yin (female) | Equals moon; passive, shaded and reflective | 128 | |
| 4909497035 | Male toughness was balanced by | Female gentleness | 129 | |
| 4909499761 | Male action and initiative by | Female endure acne and need for completion | 130 | |
| 4909502360 | Male leadership by | Female supportiveness | 131 | |
| 4909515628 | Theory of Yin and Yang | Equal and alternately dominant creating balance in the world | 132 | |
| 4953994532 | Warring States Period 481-221 B.C.E | Rivalry and warfare between the states accelerated | 133 | |
| 4958260354 | Beginning of 3rd century | Only seven states remained | 134 | |
| 4958260355 | Each state sought security by | Building walls to protect its border, putting into field largest armies, experimenting with military organizations, tactics and technology and devising new techniques of administration to produce revenue | 135 | |
| 4958260356 | Aim of campaigns were to | Increase the territory available for agriculture, since it was source for wealth and power | 136 | |
| 4965279258 | Lord Shang believed that | The ruler should trust his own judgement and employ whatever means are necessary to compel obedience and good behavior in his subjects | 137 | |
| 4965279259 | Legalista were willing to | Sacrifice individual freedom to guarantee the security and prosperity of the state | 138 | |
| 4965279260 | Lord Shang moved to | -Weaken the Qin nobility -sending out centrally appointed district governors -abolishing many of the privileges of the nobility -breaking up large estates by requiring property to be divided equally among sons | 139 | |
| 4965279261 | Killed in 338 B.C.E | Lord Shang, involvement in butter intrigue in court | 140 | |
| 4965279262 | Nubia | Only continuously inhabited territory connecting sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa | 141 | |
| 4965279263 | Nubia served as | Corridor for trade between tropical Africa and Mediterranean | 142 | |
| 4965279264 | Nubia was full with | Natural resources: gold, copper, and semiprecious stones | 143 | |
| 4965279265 | Nubia' location and natural wealth | Explains early rise of civilization with complex political | 144 | |
| 4958260357 | Qin | Most innovated era | 145 | |
| 4958260358 | Qin rulers commanded a nation of.... | Hardy farmers and employed them in well trained armies | 146 | |
| 4958260359 | Qin rulers of 4th and 3rd centuries B.C.E | Took great risks, put to practice the philosophy and methods of Legalistic school of political theorists | 147 | |
| 4958260360 | Lord Shang mid-fourth century B.C.E | In charge of Qin government | 148 | |
| 4958260361 | Lord Shang maintained | That Confucians were mistaken in looking to idealized past for solutions and naive in thinking that ruler should worry about his subjects' opinions` | 149 |
