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| 4843980514 | Indra | Was the epitome of Aryan attitude. He was tough, bellicose and fearless. | 0 | |
| 4843980515 | Harappan Society | Between 8000 and 5000 BCE, agricultural Neolithic society was created on the Indus River Valley 1) Named for Harappa, one of the two major cities 2) Due to flooding the ruins are inaccessible 3) They had a written language but its not decipherable Had cattle, sheep, goats, and 1st known to domesticate chicken | 1 | |
| 4843980516 | Indus River | Not unlike the Nile, water for agriculture from the "Hindu Kush" | 2 | |
| 4843980517 | Dravidian Complex Society | 3000-2500 BCE - South India | 3 | |
| 4843980518 | Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa | 1) Walled but no proof of violence nor weapons 2) Populations of 30k-40k 3) Had social structure 4) Had indoor plumbing (healthier) 5) Economic and political organization 6) Had art 7) Had religion 8) Ecological Devastation a) topsoil b) floods c) deforestation d) climate change e) earthquakes | 4 | |
| 4843980519 | The Aryans | North India Are Indo-Europeans with an attitude. They fought everyone! 1) Called noble people "wheat colored" while others were called "dosa" or subjects 2) Migrate from Ukraine region, took centuries 3) Full of themselves 4) Fought everyone even themselves 5) Had Indo- European Language 6) Domesticated cattle for beef and dairy | 5 | |
| 4843980520 | The Vedas | 1) Songs and poems memorized through generation (not written) 2) Prakrit - common language : base of Hindi/Bengali/Erdu 3) Rig Veda 1500 BCE the Vedic Age-most important of veda 4) Raja - leader (rex=king in latin) 5) Centuries of migration- NOT AN INVASION - first arrived in punjab area 6) Rice - Aryans cultivate rice; Dravidians were all about wheat and barley | 6 | |
| 4843980521 | How Social Structure changed under the Aryans | 1) Tribal leaders-of small settlements 2) Large imperial states 4th century BCE 3) Caste System - strict social hierarchy with hereditary distinction | 7 | |
| 4843980522 | Casta | Term from Portuguese (first in India) upon observation of Indian Social Structure | 8 | |
| 4843980523 | Sanskrit Varna | Varna means color | 9 | |
| 4843980524 | Intermixing blurs the aspect of color | Intermarriage blurs the lines between Dravidian and Aryan | 10 | |
| 4843980525 | The Late Vedic Age | 1) Brahmin - priest or holy men 2) Kshatriya - warrior and aristocrats 3) Vaishya - farmers, merchants, and artisans 4) Shudra - Landless peasants or serfs Later adds the untouchables (ignored) | 11 | |
| 4844363746 | Caste and Jati | Jati means sub-caste which usually means the person's occupation. Larger societies tend to produce more occupational sub-castes. These Jati are somewhat like an insurance plan. | 12 | |
| 4844373135 | Social Mobility under the Caste System India | It was somewhat flexible at first, but it was much easier to move downwards than to go up. | 13 | |
| 4844381161 | Caste and Jati Patriarchy India | Aryans brought a strong sense of male control. Education and faith leadership fell to the men. | 14 | |
| 4844395723 | The Law of Manu | According to legend, Manu founded the human race. These laws made sure that everyone (especially women) knew their place in society. Dealt with moral behavior +class+social relations. | 15 | |
| 4844526976 | Aryan's 1st Language | Aryans did not bring the 1st written language to India. It already existed, even if it is indecipherable (Harrapan language). | 16 | |
| 4844400149 | Sati or suttee | Was performed by the upper caste. This was the burning of an alive women after their husband died, on a pike. Husband burns in a pike area and women is suppose to throw themselves at funeral. | 17 | |
| 4844437985 | Aryan Religion | Indra and Varuna: Indra-warrior God Varuna- Less violent, more of everyday living, oversaw mortal behavior and kept order Blending of Dravidian and Aryan will become the basis of the Hindu faith. (Peace) House of Clay-Hell World of the Fathers-Heaven Animal Sacrifice - fell out of fashion as the Dravidian concept of mystical Union became more popular | 18 | |
| 4844455919 | *The Upanishads | What are they? Commentaries on the Vedas, explaining them. What does the term mean? "Sitting in front of" as in disciples listening to the words of a sage (wise person) SOME DISCIPLES ARE WOMEN | 19 | |
| 4844466485 | Samsara | Rebirth of soul | 20 | |
| 4844467104 | Karma | Actual incarnation (man or beast) | 21 | |
| 4844468126 | Moksha | Cut all ties with the physical world and self, thereby reaching the reality of the Brahman. To achieve this, one must follow asceticism, self-denial giving everything up and meditation. | 22 | |
| 4844479829 | Commentaries on Lifestyle India | 1) Personal Integrity - respect for all living things often led to vegetarianism 2) Honesty, charity and mercy 3) Reincarnation- the goal is to get off the merry-go-round and stay with the universal soul -each person is a part of the universal soul | 23 | |
| 4844504286 | Aryans Used _________ Drink | They used a hallucinogenic drink called SOMA | 24 | |
| 4853458922 | King Yu and The Yellow River | First leader to address Yellow river problem "May be fictional" | 25 | |
| 4853458923 | The Importance of the Yellow River 黄河 | 1) water source-came from Tibet 2) Loess soil (yellow) carried in it 3) Named China's sorrow 4) Rich soil contributes to agriculture | 26 | |
| 4853458924 | Chinese Neolithic Societies | Yangshao - 5000BCE to 3000BCE Banpo-city, houses existed, had POTTERY AND BONE TOOLS | 27 | |
| 4853458925 | The Xia "kind of still under Neolithic Societies" | 2200BCE - were first to attempt to organize public life* | 28 | |
| 4853458926 | King Yu | Legendary ruler who constructed dams, dikes, and created a measure of flood control | 29 | |
| 4853458927 | The Shang Dynasty 1766-1122BCE | 1) Ao was the early capital city 2) They had written records 3) They strengthened control with advance technology-bronze but CONTROLLED WHO KNEW HOW TO USE IT 4) Horse and chariots from Indo-Europeans give them a military advantage a) No trading except with Mongols for their horses 5) Agriculture helped support their large army - 13,000 soldiers* 6) They had a network of walled towns 7) Lavish Tombs | 30 | |
| 4853458928 | The Zhou 1122 to 256BCE | 1) Gradually eclipsed the Shang 2) Mandate of Heaven (right to rule) 3) Political organizations a) Zhou laid the foundation for government and political legitimacy in Ancient China b) Used princes and relatives to rule regions but had a weak central government=strong regional powers. 4) Iron Metallurgy Eventually collapse because they couldn't control the use of iron, since other knew the Zhou were weakened 5) Fall of Zhou Thanks to nomadic invaders, they invaded the region DID NOT COPY CHINESE WAYS 6) Warring States (403-221 BCE) Chaotic Period at the end of the Zhou Dynasty Will not end until Qin she huang take control and cracks whip | 31 | |
| 4853458929 | Mandate of Heaven | a) justification for Zhou to take over b) Son of Heaven is the ruler c) Role of leadership would be reserved for the person of integrity and of virtue (in theory) | 32 | |
| 4853458930 | Ancient Chinese Social Order | Ruling Elite Artisans and Craftsman Peasants Slaves | 33 | |
| 4853458931 | Ancient Chinese Ruling Elite | 1) Lavish use of bronze 2) hereditary aristocrats 3) Administrative/military officers 4) Had Book of Etiquette | 34 | |
| 4853458932 | Ancient Chinese Artisans and Craftsman | Worked for the Elite, hired by them. | 35 | |
| 4853458933 | Ancient Chinese Peasants | Made up the majority of the Chinese population 1) Landless laborers 2) Small subterranean homes 3) Women made wine, weaving and silkworms 4) Peasants used wood, bone and stone fools before iron. | 36 | |
| 4853458934 | Ancient Chinese Slaves | Are prisoners of war | 37 | |
| 4853458935 | Patriarchal Families | 1) Ruled through family and kinship groups 2) Ancestor veneration=worship 3) Patriarchy grew from a matriarchal line but as the focus on the contribution of men in society grew, after the shang dynasty the role of women were demoted | 38 | |
| 4853458936 | Chinese Cultural Traditions | Secular, Absence of Organized Religion, and Oracle Bones | 39 | |
| 4853458937 | Secular | No religious or spiritual bias | 40 | |
| 4853482870 | Chinese Absence of Organized Religion | Knew of tian but was not connected to it like other religions felt. tian is an impersonal heavenly power | 41 | |
| 4853482871 | Oracle Bones | Heated to crack to reveal fortune, writing revealed many characters | 42 | |
| 4853482872 | Chinese Writing from Pictographs to ________________ | Ideographs | 43 | |
| 4853482873 | Chinese Characters found from oracle bones | 2,000, modern chinese is directly from the shang | 44 | |
| 4853482874 | Chinese Literature | 1) Book on Change (divinity) 2) Book of History (Zhou) 3) Book of Rite (rituals of aristocrats) 4) Book of Songs (verses) | 45 | |
| 4853482875 | Most of the Zhou writing are not in existence because... | The Qin Dynasty burned them! | 46 | |
| 4853482876 | Yangzi River | Dependable river that yielded 2 crops of rice per year | 47 | |
| 4853482877 | Indigenous Peoples of Southern China | 1) Some assimilated into the Chinese Agricultural system 2) Some were pushed into hills and mountain communities 3) Some migrated to Taiwan, Vietnam and Thailand | 48 | |
| 4853482878 | State of Chu | Wasnt important in the Zhou Dynasty Was located south Later conquered by the Qin Dynasty | 49 | |
| 4895025157 | Chan Bahlum | Culture believed agriculture let blood on ground (not necessarily death) | 50 | |
| 4895025158 | Early societies of mesoamerica | Olmecs and Maya and Teotihuacan | 51 | |
| 4910017608 | Olmecs | The Rubber people cause they had rubber, produced basalt heads, looked like west african. Migration-13000-9500 BCE already covered mesoamerica and both americas Agriculture-little animal protein but had squash etc | 52 | |
| 4910017609 | San Lorenzo "spanish name" | Olmec ceremonial center | 53 | |
| 4910017610 | The Rubber People | 1) built elaborate complexes 2) basalt human heads 3) pyramids 4) jade for art, obsidian for weapon 5) 400 BCE destroyed ceremonial centers by themselves (no clue why) | 54 | |
| 4910017611 | Influence of the Olmecs | Astronomy, calendar/seasons, writings, ball games | 55 | |
| 4910017612 | Maya-heirs of the Olmecs | 1) Agriculture 2) Tikal - largest city 4th-9th century 3) Maya city states 4) warrior class 5) chichen itza-power of the ninth century/loose empire in Yucatan peninsula 6) Decline of Maya as people leave the cities dk y | 56 | |
| 4917317265 | Mayan Hierarchal Society | 1) top is kings, priest, nobles, typical hierarchy 2) dual duty of merchants-they were also spies 3) professional architects and sculpture 4) peasants and slaves constructed everything | 57 | |
| 4917317266 | Mayan Calendar | Solar, 365 days had ritual year 260 days | 58 | |
| 4917317267 | Mayan Writing | Difficult to decipher, spanish destroyed some, really translated in 1960s "started" | 59 | |
| 4917317268 | Popul Vuh | 1) the story of creation 2) people created from corn 3) fundamental role of agriculture | 60 | |
| 4917317269 | Sports and religion | Gruesome | 61 | |
| 4917317270 | Teotihuacan: Heirs of the Olmecs | The city of Teotihuacan in highlands of mexico 1) huge agricultural village -50,000 pop, pyramids of sun and moon 2) Between 400-600 BCE, 200k pop, had arts, scholars, books, and agriculture 3) Theocracy-Artisans were honored. 2/3 farmer return city at night | 62 | |
| 4917317271 | Teotihuacan Society | Who were the dominate individual-Artisans City Inhabitants-trade, professional merchants/workshop/stores toolmakers NOT LARGE MILITARY PRESENCE Decline from about 650 CE 8th century invader destroy city | 63 | |
| 4917317272 | Early Societies of South America | Societies of mesoamerica and south america developed at same time but independently | 64 | |
| 4917317273 | Andean and Chavin Cult | Chavin early Andean-deities with features of both humans and wild animals | 65 | |
| 4917317274 | Andean/Chavin Cult Migration To Peru and Bolivia | a) communication is tricky b) Andes had gold, silver, and copper eventually taken north for trade c) Maize and squash from mesoamerica eventually went south d) powerful andean states did influence settlements as far as equador, chile and colombia | 66 | |
| 4917317275 | Chavin Agriculture | A) beans peanuts sweet potatoes llama and alpacas=meat and wool B) Cotton and potatoes, cotton used for fishing C) 1800 BCE irrigation canals for drier land | 67 | |
| 4917521913 | The Chavin Cult circa 900 to 30" BCE | Andean Society become more complex Technology for cotton textiles and fishing nets Gold, silver copper Cities begin appearing-the chavin cult disappears but no one knows why | 68 | |
| 4917521914 | Mochica 300-700 CE northern peru | 1st Andean Civilization Had irrigation, trade military but no writing Artistic painting on pottery tells us a story Mochica's fall was due to climate challenges | 69 | |
| 4917521915 | The societies of Oceania | Australia and New Guinea 60,000 years ago people areived at these locations 10,000 years ago rising seas separated Australia and New Guinea | 70 | |
| 4917521916 | Australia hunting and gathering until 19-20th centuries | Were hunter gatherers Small changes overall No agriculture | 71 | |
| 4917521917 | New Guinea agriculture crops and herding | More likely yo interact Was also hunter gatherer | 72 | |
| 4917521918 | Lapita people, a type of austronesians | Brought agriculture everywhere | 73 | |
| 4917317276 | Austronesians/Lapita people (branch of Austro) | Madagascar | 74 |
