Terms : Hide Images
| 7778107763 | How did the new cultural traditions that arose around the world circa 500 B.C.E differ from earlier polytheism? | The new cultural traditions had power come from one source/god instead of multiple. Single source of order and meaning in the universe, some moral or religious realm, sharply different from and higher than the sphere of human life. The task of humankind was personal, moral, or spiritual. transformation. | 0 | |
| 7778183420 | What societal developments led people to question old outlooks and develop new beliefs? | The Iron-Age occurred causing more productive economies and deadly warfare, new states and new empires arose. Growing cities increased trade, the prominence of merchant classes, the emergence of new states and empires, and new contacts among civilizations. | 1 | |
| 7778242623 | Describe the social atmosphere in China from 500 BCE to the 200s BCE that led to the rise of new Chinese thinkers. | The social atmosphere was of chaos, growing violence, and disharmony that became known as the age of warring states. | 2 | |
| 7778256642 | Who is credited as being the original founder of Legalism? | Han Fei | 3 | |
| 7778266656 | What did the Legalists believe was the solution to China's problem? | The solution to China's problem laid in rules or laws clearly spelled out and strictly enforced through a system of rewards and punishments. | 4 | |
| 7778294103 | Describe how the Legalists viewed human nature- include how they viewed different social classes/occupations. | Had pessimistic views of human nature; people were stupid and shortsighted. Only the state and its rulers could act in their long-term interests. Promoted farmers and soldiers (only groups that performed essential functions). Suppressed merchants, aristocrats, scholars, and other classes regarded as useless. | 5 | |
| 7778328965 | What are the Analects? | A short book containing Confucius's teachings that his former students put together. | 6 | |
| 7778344957 | What was the Confucian solution to China's problems? What are the unequal relationships prevalent in Confucian society? | A) Solution= moral example of superiors was the Confucian key to a restored social harmony. B) Unequal relationships= Father>Son Husband>Wife Older brother>Younger brother Ruler>Subject. | 7 | |
| 7778373993 | What is ren? How do people achieve ren? | Ren=human-heartedness, benevolence, goodness, and nobility of heart. Ren is achieved through education, ritual, and ceremonies, serious personal reflection, and a willingness to strive continously to perfect his moral character. | 8 | |
| 7778405755 | Describe the examinations that Chinese men had to take to get a government position. | In the examinations, candidates were required to apply the principles of Confucianism to specific situations that they might ecounter in office. | 9 | |
| 7778418911 | What is a filial piety? | Filial piety=the honoring of one's ancestors and parents. | 10 | |
| 7778426474 | Who is credited as being the original founder of Daoism? | Laozi. | 11 | |
| 7778433173 | What is the Dao? | Dao= an elusive notion that refers to the way of nature, the underlying and unchanging principle that governs all natural phenomena. | 12 | |
| 7778449333 | Describe the beliefs in Daoism. | They yearned for an earlier time, "an age of perfect virtue". Human harmony with nature. Invited people to withdraw from the world of political and social activism, to disengage from the public life so important to Confucius, and to align themselves with the way of nature. Simplicity in living, small self-sufficient communities, limited government, and the abandonment of education and self-improvement. Family was central. | 13 | |
| 7778489426 | What does the "yin and yang" symbolize? | Expressed a belief in the unity of opposites. | 14 | |
| 7778502778 | How does Hinduism differ from Confucianism? | Whereas Confucianism paid little attention to the golds, spirits, and speculation about religious matters, Hinduism embraced Divine and all things spiritual with enthusiasm and generated elaborate philosophical visions about the nature of ultimate reality. No historical founder for Hinduism. Variety and tolerance in Hinduism. ` | 15 | |
| 7778720318 | What are the Vedas? | Collections of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals. | 16 | |
| 7778729673 | What are the Upanishads? | Mystical and highly philosophical works that sought to probe the inner meaning of the sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas. | 17 | |
| 7778744140 | What is the Brahman? What is the atman? | Brahman is the World Soul, the final and ultimate reality. Atman is the individual human soul and part of the Brahman. | 18 | |
| 7778763059 | Describe the concept of samara, or rebirth/reincarnation. | Samsara is when your soul travels bodies based on the actions in your previous life. Human souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes, depeding on one's actions. | 19 | |
| 7778782301 | Describe the law of karma. | The law that happens when you do something bad, something bad happens to you and vice versa. If you were born in a good caste, you had "good karma". | 20 | |
| 7778798133 | What is moksha? How is this achieved? | Moksha is the union with the Brahman, or liberation. Achieving this exalted state was held to involve many lifetimes and that notion of samsara. Some might achieve moksha through knowledge or study, others by means of detached action in the world, doing one's work without regard to consequences, passionate devotion to some deity or through extended meditation practice. | 21 | |
| 7778839588 | Who is the founder of Buddhism? Describe him. | Siddhartha Gautama. He was a prince from a small north Indian state. He enjoyed a sheltered and delightful youth but was shocked upon encountering old age, sickness, and death. Leaving family and fortune behind, he set out on a six-year spiritual quest, achieving enlightenment at 35. He taught for the rest of his life what he had learned. | 22 | |
| 7778872127 | What does "Buddha" mean? | The Enlightened One, a human being who had awakened. | 23 | |
| 7778887879 | According to the Buddha, what causes human suffering? How do you cure yourself of it? | Derived from desire or craving for individual fulfillment, from attachment to that which inevitably changes, particularly to the notion of a core self or ego that is uniquely and solidly "me". Cure lay in living a modest and moral life combined with meditation practice. | 24 | |
| 7778913479 | Describe nirvana. | A virtually indescribable state in which individual identity would be "extinguished" along with greed, hatred, and delusion. | 25 | |
| 7778946410 | What Hindu elements were incorporated into Buddhism? | The idea that ordinary life is an illusion, the concepts of karma and rebirth, the goal of overcoming the incessant demands of the ego, the practice of meditation, and the hope for final release from the cycle of birth. | 26 | |
| 7778976412 | In what ways did Buddhism challenge Hinduism? | They rejected the religious authority of the Brahmins, ridiculed their rituals and sacrifices as irrelevant to the hard work of dealing with one's suffering. Didn't care about the creation of the world or the existence of God. Individuals had to take responsibility for their own spiritual development with no help from human authorities or supernatural beings. Challenged the ineqaulities of the caste system. | 27 | |
| 7779008509 | What is the difference between the Theravada and Mahayana expressions of Buddhism? | The Theravada believe that Buddha is a teacher and not a God while the Mahayana believe that he is of divine power. The Theravada were more psychological than religious, a set of practices rather than a set of beliefs. The Mahayana were very religious. | 28 | |
| 7779030230 | What are the 3 major causes of the decline of Buddhism in India? | 1) The mounting wealth of monasteries and the economic interests of their leading figures seperated them from ordinary people. 2) Competition from Islam. 3) Growth of a new kind of popular Hinduism, which the masses found more accessible than the elaborate sacrifices of the Brahmins or the philosophical speculations of intellectuals. | 29 | |
| 7779080833 | As expressed in the epic poems of Mahabharata and Ramayana, as well as the Bhagavad Gita, what changes were made to Hinduism in response to Buddhism? | Indicated more clearly that action in the world and the detached performance of the caste duties might also provide a path to liberation. | 30 | |
| 7779098826 | Describe the bhakti (worthship) movement. | Involved the intense adoration and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals. | 31 | |
| 7779148456 | Describe Zoroastrianism- include its major figures, concepts of good and evil, a final savior, judgement day, etc. | Monotheistic religion started in Persia with a single god named Ahura Mazda. Ahura fought the power of evil, Angra Mainyu and won with the help of a final savior to restore purity to the world. Judgement day was when you were judged by Ahura to see if you were worthy of resurrected bodies with eternal life in paradise (choosing between good or evil, free will.) | 32 | |
| 7779209847 | What aspects of Zoroastrianism subsequently found a place in Judaism and Christianity? | Conflict of God and evil counterpart, last judgment and resurrected bodies, the final defeat of evil, savior or messiah, and remaking of the world at the end of time. Heaven and Hell. | 33 | |
| 7779283877 | What 2 major events led to the decline and vanishing of Zoroastrianism? | 1) Alexander the Great's invasion. Subsequent Greek-ruled Seleucid dynasty. 2) The arrival of Islam and the Arab empire. | 34 | |
| 7779314778 | Describe the Jewish God "Yahweh." | A powerful and jealous deity, who demanded their exclusive loyalty. No other gods or beliefs were allowed. | 35 | |
| 7779328619 | Describe the covenant (contract) that the Jewish people had with Yahweh. | In return for their sole devotion and obedience to God's laws, Yahweh would consider the Jews his chosen people, favoring them in battle, causing them to grow in number, and bringing them prosperity and blessing. | 36 | |
| 7779349073 | Describe the Jewish concept of the divine that later influenced Christianity and Islam. | Single, transcendent person separate from nature that demands social justice and moral righteousness. People could actively communicate, personal, engaged in history. | 37 | |
| 7779366545 | What are the defining-characteristics of the Greek cultural tradition? | The willingness of many Greek intellectuals to abandon this mythological framework, to affirm that the world was a physical reality governed by natural laws, and to assert that human rationality could both understand these laws and work out a system of moral and ethical life as well. | 38 | |
| 7779402996 | How did Greek thinkers, such Socrates, differ from earlier Greeks in how they explained the world? | Socrates's ideas weren't based on teaching and writing but instead on questioning and logic base while teaching his students. He was more focused on the pursuit of wisdom than that of wealth and power. Socrates also spoke highly of Sparta which angered many Athen citizens. Their emphasis on agrument, logic, and the relentless questioning of recieved wisdom; their confidence in human reason; their enthusiasm for puzzling out the world without much reference to the gods. | 39 | |
| 7779470416 | How did Saint Paul aid in spreading Christianity? | Through his missionary journeys in the eastern Roman Empire led to the founding of small Christian communties that included non-Jews. | 40 | |
| 7779497501 | What aspects of Christianity attracted people to their new religion? | The inclusive message of early Christianity. The spread of the faith was often accompained by reports of miracles, healings, and the casting out of demons. They also liked how the members cared for one another. | 41 | |
| 7779520529 | Why were Christians persecuted at first in the Roman Empire? What brought an end to this? | Christians' denial of other gods caused them to be tagged as "atheists". Ended with Emperor Constantine's conversion and with growing levels of state support for the new religion in the decades that followed. | 42 | |
| 7779548331 | In what ways did Roman emperors, such as Theodosius, help to protect and spread Christianity? | Provided Christians with newfound security and opportunities. Theodosius enforced a ban on all polytheistic ritual scarifices and ordered the temples that practiced them closed. Christians recieved patronage for their buildings, official approval for their doctrines, suppression of their rival, prestige from imperial recognition, and the proclamation that it was the state religion. | 43 | |
| 7779587488 | What caused disunity in matters of Christian doctrine and philosophy? | Development of hierarchical organization (male-dominated). Immense geographic reach, accompanied by inevitable differences in language, culture, political regime, and doctrinal differences. | 44 | |
| 7779653619 | What are some controversial questions that tore at the unity of Christianity? | About the nature of Jesus (was he human, divine, or both), his relationship to God (equal or inferior?), and the always-perplexing concept of the Trinity (God as the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit). | 45 | |
| 7779682135 | Describe the 3 tensions that exist between religion and historians. | 1) The question of change. 2) How could such experiences be verified when even the biographical details for Buddha and Jesus are difficult to prove by the standards of historians? The interior dimension of human experience has been a significant mover and shaper of the historical process. 3) Which group most accurately represents the "real" or authentic version of the faith? | 46 | |
| 7779729705 | Similarities between the lives and teachings of Jesus and Buddha. | Both became spiritual seekers, who claimed to have personal experiences at another level of reality. Both challenged the conventional valves at the time. Both called for personal transformation of their followers through "letting go". Were wisdom teachers. | 47 | |
| 7779772251 | Differences between the lives and teachings of Jesus and Buddha. | Jesus- A rural or small-town worker from a low-class family. Devoted himself to a single god which he called Abba. Teachings had a sharper social and political edge. He spoke more clearly on behalf of the poor and the oppressed, directly criticized the hypocrisies of the powerful, and deliberately associated with lepers, adulterous women, and tax collectors, all of whom were regarded as "impure". Public life was brief (only lasted less than 3 years). His teachings had so antagonized both Jewish and Roman authorities that he was crucified as a political rebel. Buddha- Born into royalty and luxury. Public life was more than 40 years. Largely ignored the supernatural, involved no miracles, and taught a path of intense self-effort aimed at ethical living and mindfulness as a means of ending suffering. His message was less threatening to the politically powerful. Died of natural causes at 80. | 48 |
