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| 2477431942 | Polis | City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE | 0 | |
| 2477431943 | Socrates | Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher; Urged rational reflection of moral decisions; Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young | 1 | |
| 2477431946 | Plato | Socrates' greatest pupil; Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature | 2 | |
| 2477431948 | Aristotle | 384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 3 | |
| 2477431951 | Sophocles | 494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex | 4 | |
| 2477431952 | Iliad and Odyssey | Homer's Greek epic poems that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths | 5 | |
| 2477431953 | Pythagoras | Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today | 6 | |
| 2477431954 | Galen | Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices | 7 | |
| 2477431955 | Euclid | Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time | 8 | |
| 2477431956 | Ptolemy | Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth | 9 | |
| 2477431957 | Sappho | One of the greatest ancient Greek poets; Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love | 10 | |
| 2477431959 | Battle of Marathon | 490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades | 11 | |
| 2477431960 | King Xerxes | 486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea | 12 | |
| 2477431962 | Themistocles | Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army | 13 | |
| 2477431963 | Battle of Thermopylae | 480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae; Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion | 14 | |
| 2477431965 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; Guided development of Athenian Empire; Died during early Peloponnesian War | 15 | |
| 2477431968 | Peloponnesian Wars | 431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece | 16 | |
| 2477431970 | Cyrus the Great | By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire | 17 | |
| 2477431972 | Zoroastrianism | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; Stressed importance of moral choice; Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire | 18 | |
| 2477431976 | Philip II of Macedon | Ruled from 359-336 BCE; Founder of centralized kingdom; Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority | 19 | |
| 2477431979 | Alexander the Great | Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture | 20 | |
| 2477431982 | Hellenistic Period | Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 21 | |
| 2477431984 | Alexandria, Egypt | Founded and named for Alexander the Great; Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; Center of literary studies | 22 | |
| 2477431987 | Julius Caesar | Roman general, conquered Gaul; Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators | 23 | |
| 2477431990 | Diocletian | 284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection | 24 | |
| 2477431991 | Constantine | 312-337CE Roman emperor; Established second capital at Constantinople; Tried to use Christianity to unite empire | 25 | |
| 2477431994 | Cicero | Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar | 26 | |
| 2477431996 | Roman Republic | 510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies | 27 | |
| 2477431997 | Senate | Assembly of Roman aristocrats; Advised on policy within the republic; Early element of Roman constitution | 28 | |
| 2477432000 | Consuls | 2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic; Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy | 29 | |
| 2477432002 | Twelve Tables | 450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic | 30 | |
| 2477432003 | Carthage | Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars | 31 | |
| 2477432006 | Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; Rome won after 3 separate conflicts | 32 | |
| 2477432008 | Hannibal | Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; Finally defeated at Battle of Zama | 33 | |
| 2477432011 | Augustus Caesar | Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; First Roman emperor | 34 | |
| 2477432013 | Vergil | One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; Author of the Aeneid | 35 | |
| 2477432016 | Olympic games | Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 36 | |
| 2477432018 | Tyranny | Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler | 37 | |
| 2477432019 | Aristocracy | Form of government where the rich rule over everyone | 38 | |
| 2477432020 | Direct democracy | People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives | 39 | |
| 2477432021 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery | 40 | |
| 2477432023 | Doric |  | 41 | |
| 2477432024 | Ionic |  | 42 | |
| 2477432025 | Corinthian |  | 43 | |
| 2477432026 | Herodotus | Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories" | 44 |
