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| 3676018261 | agora | -central feature of ancient Greek town planning -main function was a town market -became social and political meeting place as well -along with Acropolis, it contained the important buildings of the town | 0 | |
| 3676183765 | Akhenaten | (see chapter 3) | 1 | |
| 3676023373 | Alexander the Great | -r. 336-323 BCE -King of Macedonia -conquered Greece, Persia, and Egypt -when Thebe thought Alexander was dead, they rebelled. Alexander found out, so he killed 6,000 people and sold the remaining 20,000 into slavery -spread the language and culture of the Greeks dominant among the Mediterranean coast, India, Afghanistan, Egypt, and borders of Russia -he built roads and canals -built new cities (total of 16 Alexandrias) | 2 | |
| 3676032406 | Aristotle | -384-322 BCE -Greek philosopher -prize student of Plato -wrote that man is a "political animal", a creature of the city-state -addressed logic, physics, astronomy, religion, ethics, politics, etc. -tutored Alexander the Great -Aristotle and Alexander the Great had differing views | 3 | |
| 3676048019 | Amorites | -occupied parts of South Mesopotamia -conquered Sumer in 1900 BCE -founded own dynasty north of Babylon -first used Sumerian cultures and administration forms, later creating their own -sixth ruler was Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 BCE) who set laws but was also a good military ruler -created Babylonian empire, lasting until invaded by Hittites in 1500 BCE | 4 | |
| 3676055378 | Assyrians | -c. 710 BCE -descendants of Akkadians -major participants in constant warfare in Mesopotamia -controlled their people through terror and forced migration -King Esarhaddon (r. 680-669 BCE) conquered Egypt, making Assyria the greatest power | 5 | |
| 3676060893 | Athens | -city in Greece -leader among the city-states -created modern concept of democracy in government -fastest transition from rulers to democracy | 6 | |
| 3676064041 | Babylonians | -created by Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 BCE) -administrative network that stretched from Persian Gulf to Syria -lasted 250 years -approx. 1750-1500 BCE | 7 | |
| 3676067212 | Battle of Qadesh | -c. 1274 BCE -Hittites vs. Egyptians -located in Qadesh, Egypt -each army had approx. 20,000 soldiers -lasted a few years, ended with treaty | 8 | |
| 3676071956 | Cleisthenes | -led after Solon -5. 507-508 BCE -came to power as a tyrant -took away aristocratic family centers of power -registered each Athenian as a city according to his geographical residence (deme) -recognized the electoral districts of Attica | 9 | |
| 3676077750 | Cyrus the Great | -r. 558-529 BCE -broke the balance of power -defeated three other kingdoms in west Asia (Medes, Lydians, Babylonians); incorporated them into his own empire -dominated entire region from Persia to Mediterranean | 10 | |
| 3676082284 | democracy | -form of government -decisions and control were voted upon by all the people | 11 | |
| 3676084249 | dominance | -imposition of alien government through force | 12 | |
| 3676089506 | ecumene | -Greek word referring to the inhabited world -designating a district cultural-historical community -unified urban culture -encompassing vast lands | 13 | |
| 3676094424 | Hammurabi | -sixth king -r. 1792-1750 BCE -created the Babylonians -created the Code of Hammurabi (law code) | 14 | |
| 3676100683 | Hatshepsut | -c. 1473-1458 BCE -one of four female pharoahs -widow of one pharoah -represented a man (clothing), most likely to increase power | 15 | |
| 3676103844 | hegemony | -the predominance of one unit over the others in a group -like a confederation | 16 | |
| 3676104904 | Hellenistic | -to be influenced by the Greek culture -type of culture referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great | 17 | |
| 3676107113 | Hittites | -invaded Babylonian Empire in 1500 BCE -invented the two-wheeled chariot -capital in Hattushash (modern-day Turkey) -one of the most powerful nations in the Middle East -battled in the Battle of Qadesh against the Egyptians in 1274 BCE -Hittite Empire suddenly collapsed in 1193 BCE | 18 | |
| 3676111840 | hoplite | -heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece --fought in close groups (ranks) of eight -each carried bronze shield, iron sword, and long spear | 19 | |
| 3676114721 | Hyksos | -1640-1540 BCE -immigrant Semitic group -ruled lower Egypt -were originally either traders or nomadic immigrants -16th dynasty | 20 | |
| 3676119598 | Indo-European | -language family -covers greater Europe and Asia -Sanskrit, Greek, Albanian, etc. -invented the two-wheeled chariot | 21 | |
| 3676124188 | Knossos | -capital/city center of Minoan civilization -location of the main palaces -palaces were destroyed in 1300 BCE | 22 | |
| 3676125780 | Minoans | -King Minos of ancient Crete (6000 BCE) -by 3000 BCE, they had built villiages -city state was an island -created palaces at Knossos -palaces were centers for Cretan economy, religion, ritual, royal residences -used bronze tools -pictographic writing from 2000 BCE, later on syllabic writing was introduced (1700 BCE) -unknown disaster in 1450 BCE destroyed everything | 23 | |
| 3676133053 | Myceneans | -home to several small kingdoms -each had its own citadel or palace and accompanying cemetery -greatest of the cities was Mycenae -Mycenae was capital of legendary king Agamemnon -all palaces and towns of Mycenae were destroyed or abandoned by 1200 BCE | 24 | |
| 3676142272 | Neo-Assyrian Empire | -c. 900 BCE -new Assyrian kingdom -went north to Syria and Palestine, south into Babylon -last king was Ashurbanipal (r. 668-627 BCE) | 25 | |
| 3676165313 | New Kingdom | -c. 1550-1070 BCE -expulsion of the Hyksos | 26 | |
| 3676145460 | Nubia | -region in present-day Aswan (in southern Egypt) and Khartoum (capital of Sudan) -territory stretching southwards 900 miles from just above the first cataract in the Nile -drove out the Egyptian conquerors, bringing Egypt's Middle Kingdom to an end | 27 | |
| 3676168126 | Peloponnesian War | -started in 432 BCE -Sparta attacked Athens -struggle for powers -many allies helped them -at some point, Thebes and Corinth became larger parts of the war | 28 | |
| 3676171670 | polis | -greek city-state -intentionally small -locally organized government based on single central city with enough surrounding land to support its agricultural needs -populations were just a few thousand | 29 | |
| 3676177421 | Ramses II | -pharoah r. 1279-1213 BCE -constructed one of the greatest temples at Abu Simbel (near first cataract of the Nile) -dedicated to New Kingdom and himself | 30 | |
| 3676181566 | Sargon of Akkad | (see chapter 2) | 31 | |
| 3676186796 | satrapy | -province or colony in Achaemenid or Persian empire ruler by a satrap or governor -Darius I completed the division of the empire into provinces and established 20 satrapies with annual tributes | 32 | |
| 3676190033 | Socrates | -c. 470-399 BCE -leading philosopher of fifth century -Socrates and his student Plato questioned the meaning of life -taught his students to be thoughtful but critical about the truths of others and about their own truths, and, after having reached their own conclusions, to live their own truths fully even if it meant their death, as it did for Socrates himself | 33 | |
| 3676200466 | Solon | -r. 630-560 BCE -rose to high office as a general and poet in 600 BCE -ended the monopoly over public office held by the Athenian hereditary aristocracy -opened to all free men participation and voting in decision-making public assembly -only high-incomed people could be voted for | 34 | |
| 3676205975 | trireme | -ancient vessel and type of galley that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks, and Romans | 35 | |
| 3676213695 | Thutmosis I | -r. 1504-1492 BCE -extended Egypt's control further into Nubia -extended control also northeast as far as the Euphrates River -created Egypt's greatest historical empire | 36 | |
| 3676218865 | Zarathustra | -religious teacher -lived around either 1600 or 600 BCE (no one knows exactly when) -founded religion of Zoroastrianism -described conflict between Ahuramazda (god of goodness and light) and Ahriman (evil and darkness) in the Gathas | 37 | |
| 3676230016 | Zoroastrianism | -religion -most likely followed by Darius I -follows teachings of Zarathustra/Zoroaster (c. 600 BCE) -used series of hymns called the Gathas (describing conflict between god of goodness and god of evil) -Avesta was the main scripture | 38 |
