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| 5480982294 | Persian Empire | An empire in western Asia in ancient times. Under the kings Darius and Xerxes, attempted to conquer Greece several times in the fifth century b.c. but were defeated in the Battle of Marathon and in several other land and sea battles. Destroyed by Alexander the Great | 0 | |
| 5480982295 | Cyrus the Great | Established massive Persian empire by 550 b.c.e; successor state to Mesopotamian empires | 1 | |
| 5480983185 | Darius | Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. | 2 | |
| 5480983186 | Xerxes | son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. | 3 | |
| 5480984293 | Zoroastrianiasm | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire | 4 | |
| 5480984294 | Zoroaster | A Persian religious philosopher (630-550 b.c.e) who revised the polytheistic religious tradition of the Sumerians through the introduction of monotheism. Banned animal sacrifice and the use of intoxicants. Introduced the idea of individual salvation through the free choice of God over the spirit of evil | 5 | |
| 5480984295 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE. Essentially Persia--biggest empire in the world at the time--invaded Greece twice with an overwhelming force and lost both times. It contributed heavily to the rise of Athens as a mini-empire and the "golden age" of Athenian culture. | 6 | |
| 5480985032 | Classical Greece | refers to the period between the Persian Wars at the beginning of the fifth century B.C. and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. An era of war and conflict—first between the Greeks and the Persians, then between the Athenians and the Spartans—but it was also an era of unprecedented political and cultural achievement. | 7 | |
| 5480985033 | Homer | Greek epic poet: reputed author of the Iliad and Odyssey. | 8 | |
| 5480985034 | Illiad | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possible the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos | 9 | |
| 5480986062 | Odyssey | Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos | 10 | |
| 5480986063 | polis | word for city-state government in Greek. origin for our word politics | 11 | |
| 5480986064 | Solon | Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt | 12 | |
| 5480986065 | Sparta | A greek polis with strong militaristic regime under aristocratic leadership | 13 | |
| 5480986751 | helots | Conquered indigenous population of Spartan city-state; provided agricultural labor for Spartan landowners; only semifree; largest population of Spartan city-state | 14 | |
| 5480986752 | Athens | The capital and largest city of Greece, in the eastern part of the country near the Saronic Gulf. It was at the height of its cultural achievements and imperial power in the fifth century b.c.e. during the time of Pericles | 15 | |
| 5480986753 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century b.c.e; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War | 16 | |
| 5480987605 | Delian Language | Alliance formed by Athens after the Persian Wars; cities contributed to unified treasury on island of Delos to support alliance fleet; later taken over by Athens and became Athenian empire | 17 | |
| 5480987606 | democracy | comes from Greek word for people, demos-rather than rule through elected representatives. A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 18 | |
| 5480988553 | aristocracy | A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility. comes from Greek word aristos, or "the best" believed that real political virtue lay in aristocratic rule. | 19 | |
| 5480988554 | Olympic games | One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 20 | |
| 5480989212 | oracles at Delphi | Person representing the god Apollo; allegedly received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the communication | 21 | |
| 5480989213 | Peloponnesian War | Wars from 431 to 404 b.c.e. between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 22 | |
| 5480989214 | Macedon | Kingdom located in northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings, became centralized under Philip II; served as basis for unification of Greece and later Macedonian Empire | 23 | |
| 5480989969 | Philip II | Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 b.c.e.; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority | 24 | |
| 5480989970 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 b.c.e.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures | 25 | |
| 5480989971 | Hellenism | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. | 26 | |
| 5480990469 | Alexandria, Egypt | One of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies | 27 | |
| 5480990470 | Ptolemies | One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Egypt; flourished 305 to 30 b.c.e. | 28 | |
| 5480990471 | Seleucids | One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Mesopotamia | 29 | |
| 5480991248 | Antigonids | One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Macedonia and Greece | 30 | |
| 5480991249 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century b.c.e; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young | 31 | |
| 5480991250 | Plato | Greek philosopher; taught knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled | 32 | |
| 5480992017 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; espoused knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 33 | |
| 5480992563 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery | 34 | |
| 5480993905 | Pythagoras | Greek mathematician responsible for the Pythagorean Theorem which states the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. | 35 | |
| 5480993906 | Euclid | (circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geometry. | 36 | |
| 5480993907 | Ptolemy | Hellenistic astronomer who formalized an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around a stationary earth | 37 | |
| 5480994529 | Archimedes | wrote about mathematics and the measurement of water power. He created pulley systems to pump out flood ships and fields and invented novel kinds of fortifications | 38 | |
| 5480994530 | Sophocles | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex | 39 | |
| 5480994531 | Aristophanes | Greek writer of comedies; author of The Frogs | 40 | |
| 5480995263 | Herodotus | Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. | 41 | |
| 5480995264 | Doric | Along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Greek and Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate or the three styles | 42 | |
| 5480995265 | Ionic | Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Greek and Hellenistic architecture; more ornate that Doric but less that Corinthian | 43 | |
| 5480996173 | Corinthian | Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Greek and Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles | 44 |
