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| 10871757689 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 0 | |
| 10871861341 | Roman Senate | An advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic. | 1 | |
| 10871886254 | patron/client relationship | a fundamental social relationship in which the patron provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients | 2 | |
| 10871893824 | Qin | A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first short-lived Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). | 3 | |
| 10871901183 | Shi Huangdi | founder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor | 4 | |
| 10871904985 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 5 | |
| 10871907586 | Han | The ethnic Chinese people who originated from the Yellow River Valley civilization and spread throughout regions of China. | 6 | |
| 10871925802 | xiongnu | A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. | 7 | |
| 10871934536 | Gaozu (Liu Bang) | One of the rebel leaders who brought down the Qin and founded the Han dynasty in 202 BCE | 8 | |
| 10872158154 | Sima Qian | Chief astrologer for the Han dynasty emperor Wu. | 9 | |
| 10872363904 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 10 | |
| 10872453242 | Chang'an | City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. | 11 | |
| 10872461985 | gentry | Class of prosperous families in China, respected for their education and expertise | 12 | |
| 10872476649 | Roman Principate | A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E. | 13 | |
| 10872485027 | Augustus | Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate. | 14 | |
| 10872493289 | Pax Romana | means "Roman Peace;" specifically the term that refers to the peace and stability that Rome maintained within its borders during the early empire. | 15 | |
| 10872526053 | Romanization | The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. | 16 | |
| 10872533856 | Jesus | A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. | 17 | |
| 10872537919 | Paul | Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world. | 18 | |
| 10872591612 | Aqueduct | A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. | 19 | |
| 10872602726 | Third Century Crisis | political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E. | 20 | |
| 10872609088 | Diocletian | Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section. | 21 | |
| 10872613969 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. | 22 | |
| 10872620790 | Constantinople | Capital of the Roman Empire when Constantine came into power. | 23 |
