The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam
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| 240814129 | Islam | Major world religion having it's orgins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsule; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad | 0 | |
| 240814130 | Allah | Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam | 1 | |
| 240814131 | Muslims | Followers of Islam | 2 | |
| 240814132 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam (570-632); born into Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; recieved relevations from Allah in 610 C.E. | 3 | |
| 240814133 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations recieved by Muhammas; holy book of Islam | 4 | |
| 240814134 | bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 5 | |
| 240814135 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives and many children. | 6 | |
| 240814136 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad | 7 | |
| 240814137 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. | 8 | |
| 240814138 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca | 9 | |
| 240814139 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 10 | |
| 240814140 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca. | 11 | |
| 240814141 | Khadijah | First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. | 12 | |
| 240814142 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a. | 13 | |
| 240814143 | umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity. | 14 | |
| 240814144 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligigatory for all Muslims. | 15 | |
| 240814145 | five pillars | The obligitory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat and hajj | 16 | |
| 240814146 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. | 17 | |
| 240814147 | caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad | 18 | |
| 240814148 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammads earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community. | 19 | |
| 240814149 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammads death in 632 C.E.; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam. | 20 | |
| 240814150 | jihads | Islamic holy war | 21 | |
| 240814151 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypr; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. | 22 | |
| 240814152 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasion. | 23 | |
| 240814153 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan. | 24 | |
| 240814154 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party. | 25 | |
| 240814155 | Mu'awiya | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 26 | |
| 240814156 | Sunni | Political and theological division within Islam; followers of the Umayyads. | 27 | |
| 240814157 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 28 | |
| 240814158 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad calphate. | 29 | |
| 240814159 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad calphate. | 30 | |
| 240814160 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam. | 31 | |
| 240814161 | jizya | Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories. | 32 | |
| 240814162 | dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus | 33 | |
| 240814163 | hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 34 | |
| 240814164 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. | 35 | |
| 240814165 | Battle on the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital. | 36 | |
| 240814166 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctestiphon. | 37 | |
| 240814167 | wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid celiphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire. | 38 | |
| 240814168 | dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 39 | |
| 240814169 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of the Abbasid rule | 40 |
