Chapter 6:
Book: Ways of the world
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| 4955961508 | Agricultural revolutions and complex societies | Various disperse and almost simultaneous revolutions in agricultural production were central to the formation of complex societies around the world. This was a truly revolutionary transformation of human life. | 0 | |
| 4955961509 | Uneven distribution of humans a domesticated animals | The distribution of human communities and animals suitable for domestication in Eurasia led historians to pay attention to Africa and America. | 1 | |
| 4955961510 | Variations in metallurgy and literacy | Less use of metal and the lack of writing system led to more focus on Eurasia than on Africa and America. | 2 | |
| 4955961511 | America isolation vrs. Africa in contact | The Americans were isolated geographically until Liberian explores. Africa has continual contact via trans Saharan And Swahili coastal merchants | 3 | |
| 4955961512 | Meroe: Egypt and Nubia | The Nile provide a connection between Egypt and Nubia for thousands of years. Thus influencing each other. War between the two, even Nubia conquering Egypt once. | 4 | |
| 4955961513 | Kings and Queens of Meroe | Center of Nubian state with powerful monarchs. They did have several queens leading their empire. Nubia was not centralized like Egypt because of geographic difference. | 5 | |
| 4955961514 | Agriculture and Long distance Trade: | The Nile provided water for Agriculture, there was also plenty rainfall. No real need for irrigation. Meaning there was no real need for the state to be centralized. Plenty of water also allowed Nubia to spread out, while Egypt stayed close to the Nile. The location made it the center of trade from the nile and from the camel routes from the east and west. | 6 | |
| 4955961515 | Coptic for 1,000 years | The Coptic branch of Christanity nominated the region. Based on the Greek Language churches in the Coptic or Byzantine style. Only after 1300 did this become part of the Islamic world | 7 | |
| 4955961516 | AXUM: Plow agriculture and Indian Ocean Trade | Horn of Africa, favorable for plowing. Center of Trade, Indian Ocean and Red Sea and Interior of Africa. Taxes on Trade made axum wealthy. | 8 | |
| 4955961517 | AXUM: Monumental buildings and court culture | Impressive architecture including huge obelisks. Well respected by Roman as a powerful empire. | 9 | |
| 4955961518 | AXUM: Conversion to Christianity and imperial expansion: | Trade introduced Christanity to the kingdom. Because of the mountains of Ethiopia the empire remained mostly Christian | 10 | |
| 4955961519 | Along Niger River: Urbanization without imperial or bureaucratic systems | Over the centuries waves from sahara and sahel sttled around the Niger River in Various cities. They brought various trades and herding practices. They did not develop state or imperial type or local city state variety. | 11 | |
| 4955961520 | Along the Niger River: Iron Working and other specializations | Social stratification developed around skilled crafts with iron working being the most important | 12 | |
| 4955961521 | Along the Niger River: Regional West African trade system | As the cities lacked various raw material and commodities, long trade networks developed to produce sources for these materials | 13 | |
| 4955961522 | The Maya: As early as 2000BCE | Staring as early as 2000 BCE a common cultural developed in central America. After 1000BCE a number of cities arose but the real flourishing of Mayan culture was between 250 and 900CE | 14 | |
| 4955961523 | The Maya: Urban Centers, Mathematics and astronomy | The Maya had numerous cities with populations in the tens of thousands and impressive architecture such as massive pyramids. They developed sophisticated mathematics and recorded careful observations of the stars, planets, moon, and sun, allowing them to predict eclipses and other natural phenomenon. The Maya had the most developed writing system of the Americas. | 15 | |
| 4955961524 | The Maya: Engineered agriculture | Their wealth stemmed from very productive agriculture, whose bounty came from a very carefully and extensively reshaped landscape with terraces, irrigation systems, and leveled tops. | 16 | |
| 4955961525 | The Maya: Competing city states | Their politics were not imperial as in Rome, Persia, or China, but organized by competing city-states as in Greece. | 17 | |
| 4955961526 | The Maya: A century of collapse after 840 B.C.E.: | Due to a collection of factors, including over-population, the outstripping of resources, prolonged drought, and warfare, the Maya saw a rapid and catastrophic collapse of their civilization. | 18 | |
| 4955961527 | The Teotihuacán: Planned, enormous and still a mystery: | This was a huge city north of the valley of Mexico. It seems to have been planned from the time of its construction, rather than developing organically and haphazardly over time. The scale and sophistication of the architecture was extremely impressive. | 19 | |
| 4955961528 | Teotihuancan 150 B.C.E.-650 C.E | It may have begun as early as 150 B.C.E. and reached its height around 550 C.E. before suddenly and mysteriously collapsing in 650 C.E. | 20 | |
| 4955961529 | Teotihuancan: 100,000-200,000 inhabitants in 550 B.C.E | At its height, it was the sixth-largest city in the world. | 21 | |
| 4955961530 | Chavin-A Pan Andean Religious Movement: Temple complexes centered around a village | Between 2000 and 1000 B.C.E., a number of ritual sites and temple complexes developed in the Andes. By 900 B.C.E., Chavín de Huántar became a focal point. | 22 | |
| 4955961531 | Chavin: A PAn-Andean Religious Movement: Village became major religious center | Chavín de Huántar had a population of 2,000 to 3,000 by 750 B.C.E. with a distinct social hierarchy. The elite lived in stone homes, while the commoners had adobe homes. They built an elaborate and complex temple at this site. | 23 | |
| 4955961532 | Chavin: Links to all directions via trade routes | Art work shows that the temple complex had connections to all directions in the high- and lowlands. Many animals from the lowlands were represented as gods and sacred figures. | 24 | |
| 4955961533 | Moche: 250 Miles of coast, 100-800 CE | thirteen river valleys made up this coastal population center | 25 | |
| 4955961534 | Moche: Elite class of warrior priest | These religious-military elites were very wealthy and presided over human sacrifices. Graves of elites from the period show much material wealth. | 26 | |
| 4955961535 | Moche: Rich fisheries and river fed irrigation | The abundant sardines and other fish of this part of the Pacific provided a great source of food, and the rivers fed irrigation systems in what would be otherwise dry and barren lands. Guano from the coastal islands was used as fertilizer. | 27 | |
| 4955961536 | Moche: Fine craft skills | The metal-workers, potters, and weavers left artifacts showing sophisticated skills. | 28 | |
| 4955961537 | Moche: Fragile enviroment | The region is prone to earthquakes, droughts, and floods, and there was some sort of ecological crisis in the fifth century. By the eighth century, the Moche civilization had collapsed. | 29 | |
| 4955961538 | Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior 400-1000 C.E | In the north and the south, these two civilizations developed out of ancient settlements. Both had large capitals with impressive monumental buildings. | 30 | |
| 4955961539 | Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior Highland centers with colonies in the lowlands | These states did not control continuous bands of territory. Rather, the capital city set up colonies in the western and eastern lowlands, giving them access to distinct ecological zones. | 31 | |
| 4955961540 | Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior Distinctions between the two, yet little conflict | The two civilizations developed different agricultural styles and state systems but there was little conflict along their 300-mile shared border. They shared related cultural and religious systems but spoke distinct languages. | 32 | |
| 4955961541 | Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior Collapse, but the basis for the late Inca | While these states collapsed and broke into smaller kingdoms, the Inca would use their state system, highways, and styles of dress and art when they rose to power in the following centuries. | 33 | |
| 4955961542 | Cultural Encounters: Migrations Spread a common Bantu Culture | Over many centuries, a slow migration of Bantu people out of present-day Nigeria and Cameroon spread a common language base, cultural patterns, farming, and iron-working technology. As land was plentiful and population was small, there was little need for large state systems. | 34 | |
| 4955961543 | Cultural Encounters: Bantu Strengths | numbers, disease, and iron: The Bantu overwhelmed existing gatherer-hunter societies with their demographic superiority (thanks to farming), their introduction of new diseases such as malaria, and the use of iron tools and weapons. | 35 | |
| 4955961544 | Cultural Encounters: Bantu impact on the Batwa | The Batwa or pygmy people of Central Africa adapted to the arrival of the Bantus by becoming forest specialists who traded products from the jungle for Bantu goods. They adopted Bantu languages yet kept a non-agricultural way of life. | 36 | |
| 4955961545 | Cultural Encounters: Impacts on the Bantu in East Africa: | In East Africa, the Bantu's yams did not grow well, so they began to farm crops introduced from Southeast Asia, such as coconuts, sugar cane, and bananas. | 37 | |
| 4955961546 | Society and Religion Wide varieties of Bantu cultures developed | 500-1500: As the Bantu migrations covered a large area over many centuries, in the millennium before the early modern era, a wide variety of cultural traditions, practices, and rituals developed. | 38 | |
| 4955961547 | Society and Religion: Less patriarchal gender systems | It is a safe generalization to say that Bantu gender codes were less patriarchal than in other societies around the world. Gender parallelism rather than strict hierarchy was the main practice. | 39 | |
| 4955961548 | Ancestor or nature spirits rather than a Creator God | The various religious traditions did not focus on the role of a Creator God but rather on the impact of the spirits of ancestors or the natural world. | 40 | |
| 4955961549 | . Localized not universal faiths and rituals | The Bantu did not develop a universal religious tradition with a single historic revelation but rather believed in constant communication with the spiritual world. These faiths were localized to specific geographical areas and communities. | 41 | |
| 4955961550 | The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses Slow start to agriculture and settled society | Mesoamerica introduced maize to North America. Due to the harsh climate, it took several centuries for a maize-based agricultural society to develop. Initially dwellings were smaller pit houses dug into the ground with a buffalo hide for shelter. Kivas, or ceremonial pits, were used for rituals and demonstrated the belief that humans came from the ground | 42 | |
| 4955961551 | The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses Chaco Phenomenon, 860-1130 C.E | With settled agriculture, populations grew and larger settlements formed. These above-ground structures were known as pueblos. Around Chaco canyon, five pueblos formed and established a road system that may have been more symbolic or religious than practical, as they did not have the wheel or draft animals. | 43 | |
| 4955961552 | The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses Astronomy and art but then warfare and collapse | There were a variety of sophisticated cultural achievements before an extended drought contributed to the Pueblo collapse. | 44 | |
| 4955961553 | Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: The Mound Builders Independent agricultural revolution | The eastern woodlands of North America, especially around the Mississippi River valley, developed agriculture on their own but would later indirectly get maize and beans from Mesoamerica. | 45 | |
| 4955961554 | Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: The Mound Builders Burial mounds of the Hopewell culture | Archeologists have discovered massive earthworks that indicate a high level of social organization and wealth. The culture is called Hopewell after the name of an archeological site. | 46 | |
| 4955961555 | Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: The Mound Builders Cahokia, 900-1250 C.E | Near present day St. Louis, Missouri, this settlement became the dominant center of the region. There was a massive terraced pyramid, a population of at least 10,000, and long-distance trade networks. | 47 | |
| 4955961556 | Social complexity but weaker cultural unity | While there was trade, social stratification, and large population centers, the linguistic divisions of the region did not allow the same cultural unity that characterized the Bantu world. | 48 |
