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| 6052125751 | Abbasids | A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.The Abbasid dynasty controlled the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258. It was the second of the two greatest dynasties, overthrowing the Umayyads to gain control, and destroyed by the invasion of the Mongols | 0 | |
| 6052125752 | Abu Bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 1 | |
| 6052125753 | Ali ibn Abi Talib | Cousin/ son-in-law of Muhammad, regarded by Sunnis as the fourth and finally rightly guided caliph, whereas Shi'as regard him and his descendants as Muhammad's true successors | 2 | |
| 6052125754 | Allah | Arabic word for God | 3 | |
| 6052125755 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 4 | |
| 6052125756 | Baghdad | capital city of Iraq; as heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E. | 5 | |
| 6052125757 | Battle of River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyds; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital. | 6 | |
| 6052125758 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 7 | |
| 6052125759 | Bedouin | Arab nomads. They were organized into tribes and groups called clans. These clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert. Their settlement is from where the Muslim Empire sprang. This was around the 600s AD and at the Arabian Peninsula. | 8 | |
| 6052125760 | Caliph | A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government | 9 | |
| 6052125761 | Damascus | The Umayyads moved the capital from Mecca to this city. | 10 | |
| 6052125762 | Dhimmis | A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society | 11 | |
| 6052125763 | Dhows | Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo. | 12 | |
| 6052125764 | Five pillars | The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca | 13 | |
| 6052125765 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 14 | |
| 6052125766 | Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca | 15 | |
| 6052125767 | Hijra | Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE) | 16 | |
| 6052125768 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 17 | |
| 6052125769 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 18 | |
| 6052125770 | Ka'ba | the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth | 19 | |
| 6052125771 | Khadijah | First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader | 20 | |
| 6052125772 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam. Not accepted as full members until the Abbasid dynasty | 21 | |
| 6052125773 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 22 | |
| 6052125774 | Mosque | A Muslim place of worship | 23 | |
| 6052125775 | Qu'ran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 24 | |
| 6052125776 | Ramadan | (Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan | 25 | |
| 6052125777 | Ridda Wars | Wars launched by Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes from 632-633 just after Muhammad died. The rebels position was that they had submitted to Muhammad as the prophet but owed nothing to Abu Bakr. Most of the tribes were defeated. | 26 | |
| 6052125778 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children. | 27 | |
| 6052125779 | Shi'a | Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite. | 28 | |
| 6052125780 | Sunni | The largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as the first Caliph became known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah or "the people of tradition and unification" in order to differentiate them from the Shia, who rejected Abu Bakr's authority in favor of Muhammad's cousin Ali as the next Caliph. | 29 | |
| 6052125781 | Umayyad | the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus | 30 | |
| 6052125782 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 31 | |
| 6052125783 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 32 | |
| 6052125784 | Zakat | Charity | 33 |
