Terms : Hide Images
| 4743932695 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. |  | 0 |
| 4743933946 | Allah | Islamic God |  | 1 |
| 4743935482 | Muslim | An adherent of the Islamic religion. |  | 2 |
| 4743936500 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. |  | 3 |
| 4743937853 | Qur'an | The holy book containing Allah's revelations to Muhammad Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. |  | 4 |
| 4743951661 | bedouin | Arab nomads |  | 5 |
| 4744138148 | shaykhs | leaders of the tribes and clans |  | 6 |
| 4744216417 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. |  | 7 |
| 4744217185 | Umayyad | (661-750) first ruling dynasty over the Muslim Caliphate |  | 8 |
| 4744219024 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century BCE |  | 9 |
| 4744219915 | Ka'ba | one of the most revered religious shrines in pre-Islamic Arabia |  | 10 |
| 4744232918 | Medina | The city of the prophet (Muhammed) |  | 11 |
| 4744245288 | Khadijah | the widow of a wealthy merchant | 12 | |
| 4744246922 | Ali | Muhammad's clansman |  | 13 |
| 4744248273 | umma | the community of the faithful, transcended old tribal boundaries | 14 | |
| 4744288964 | zakat | a tax fro charity |  | 15 |
| 4744290220 | five pillars | principles that must be accepted and followed by all believers, which provided the basis for an underlying religious unity | 16 | |
| 4744294752 | Ramadan | enhanced community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor |  | 17 |
| 4744296613 | hajj | pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca | 18 | |
| 4744303908 | the caliph | the political and religious successor to Muhammad |  | 19 |
| 4744305052 | Abu Bakr | caliph from 632 to 634 |  | 20 |
| 4744306369 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 21 | |
| 4744308783 | jihads | holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Muslim faith | 22 | |
| 4744314387 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. |  | 23 |
| 4744315191 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions |  | 24 |
| 4744315800 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 25 | |
| 4744332532 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 26 | |
| 4744351119 | Mu'awiya | second caliph of Umayyad Dynasty, 660-680 | 27 | |
| 4744352650 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads |  | 28 |
| 4744352651 | Shi'a | a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammed's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam |  | 29 |
| 4744356740 | Karbala | site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali. |  | 30 |
| 4744358231 | Damascus | the political center of community under the Umayyads |  | 31 |
| 4744360829 | mawali | Muslim converts | 32 | |
| 4744362063 | jizya | head tax |  | 33 |
| 4744362692 | dhimmi | "people of the book" |  | 34 |
| 4744365114 | hadiths | traditions of the prophet |  | 35 |
| 4744366930 | Abbasid party | party that traced its decent from Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas | 36 | |
| 4744368996 | Battle on the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 37 | |
| 4744369430 | Baghdad | Abbasid capital Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 38 | |
| 4744370375 | wazir | chief administrator and head of the caliph's inner councils |  | 39 |
| 4744372240 | dhows | sailing vessels with lateen (triangular) sails |  | 40 |
| 4744373612 | ayan | a wealthy and deeply entrenched landed elite | 41 |
