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| 3204704521 | Feudalism | Social structure of the Middle Ages in Europe. Necessary because of germanic invasions which fragmented society and made life dangerous. Protection was exchanged for loyalty and services. |  | 0 |
| 3204704522 | Franks | Germanic tribes that created the first consolidated, unified kingdoms in Western Europe during the Middle Ages after the fall of the Roman Empire. Clovis and Charlemagne were two notable rulers. | 1 | |
| 3204704523 | Crusades | Series of Christian invasion/expeditions to the Middle East in order to acquire possession of the "Holy Land" ( Jerusalem) from the Ottoman Turks and Muslim caliphates. Began with Pope Urban II's speech in 1066. Also used to unify nobles/lords who were constantly fighting over land in Europe as well as establish greater power of the Catholic Church. | 2 | |
| 3204704524 | Holy Roman Empire | Established in spirit by the crowning of Charlemagne in 800, but officially in 963 by a group of German Princes who named one of their own as prince. The pope crowned the emperor which implied he had power over the emperor, which the emperor denied. Still believed in feudalism for a while (past 1450). | 3 | |
| 3204704525 | Hagia Sophia | otherwise known as ''Church of Holy Wisdom''. Most important examples of Christian architecture in the world. | 4 | |
| 3204704526 | Justinian | Most important early Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 CE. Put a great deal of time, money, and effort into public buildings including the Hagia Sophia. Embarked on a major military campaign to win back the lost lands of the Roman Empire, but he ultimately failed. His most important contribution was the codification of Roman law. | 5 | |
| 3204704527 | St. Thomas Aquinas | A Christian teacher. He used arguments of Aristotle and Socratic methods to teach the truths of the Christian faith. He believed that the exsistence of God could be rationally proven by seizing on Aristotle's argument that a conscious force agent had to have set the world in motion. Great medival theoigian. | 6 | |
| 3204704528 | caesropapism | Political and religious power concentrated in the emperor's hands. An example is how Constantine used his political power to define was was true and what was false in theological disputes. | 7 | |
| 3204704529 | scholasticism | The attempt to reconcile the beliefs and values Christianity with the logical reasoning of Greek philosophy. A notable intellectual development during that time. One of the teachers of this was St. Thomas Aquinas. | 8 | |
| 3204704530 | pogroms | Anti-Semitic mob actions that drove Jewish epople from western Europe to eastern Europe. They experienced less disctimination by Christians here. | 9 | |
| 3204704531 | guilds | Formed by craftsmen in the towns. They formed associations of people who worked in the same occupation. They grew powerful enough to control trade, but were also responsible for trainin gappprentices and setting standards for membership. Doing this encouraged the quality of their products to increase. | 10 | |
| 3204704532 | Hanseatic League | Formed by cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia. They formed this to facilitate trade as more and more towns purchased charters from kings and severed their fuedal ties to their lords back on the rural manors. | 11 | |
| 3204704533 | Saladin | Took back Jerusalem from the Christian crusaders in the 12th century. | 12 | |
| 3204704534 | Hundred Years' War | Fought by France and England in the 14th and 15th centuries. They battled for the territories the English kinf controlled in France. | 13 | |
| 3204704535 | Magna Carta | Forcibly signed by King John of England that gauranteed rights of nobility. Our concept of limited government is based on this. | 14 | |
| 3204704536 | canon law | Rules for behavior set by the church that replaced political authority. It meant that any political authority could not develop though. | 15 | |
| 3204704537 | serfs | People who lived on and were tied to self-sufficent agricultural estates (manors). They were not slaves, they recieved protection, justice, and some rights from the lords of the manor. Because of all of this though, they had to stay and work on the land and give a portion of their profits to the lords. | 16 | |
| 3204704538 | Benedictine Rule | Written by Benedictine around 540. It gave local priests, monks, and nuns rules for their behavior. It was followed by basically all Italian, English, and Frankish monks and nuns | 17 | |
| 3204704539 | Vikings | They were raiders from Scandinavia who started in 793 and continued for the next two centuries. They terrorized Europe for a while. | 18 |
