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| 7595107880 | Amerindians | early people who lived by hunting and fishing or food gathering | 0 | |
| 7595112291 | where was a key area of development in the America's | -the plateau of central mexico -lowland regions of the gulf of mexico -central Andes Mountains | 1 | |
| 7595129179 | true or false. these key areas of development in the America's lived in isolation with little technological advancements yet they still had some cultural advancements | true | 2 | |
| 7595138438 | following Christoper Columbus people believed the first Americans arrived through that ocean | the Atlantic very recently | 3 | |
| 7595146429 | In the mid 19th century what was proposed | that the peopling of America had taken place much earlier as a result of migration of small groups across Bering strait. There evidence being numerous similarities between most early Americans and people in North Eastern Asia | 4 | |
| 7595176784 | Louis Leakey suggests first hominids arrived in America ____________ years ago | 100,000 | 5 | |
| 7595190248 | Site discovered at Cactus Hill show signs of human habitation as long as ____ thousand years ago | 15 | 6 | |
| 7595202541 | when was the Southern Tip of South Africa crossed | 1100 b.c.e | 7 | |
| 7595205328 | Mesoamerica | first civilizations in the Americans | 8 | |
| 7595216396 | what are the first signs of civilization in Mesoamerica in the 2nd millennium b.c.e | the Olmec culture along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south or Veracruz | 9 | |
| 7595228617 | The Olmec characteristics | -the land of rubber -intensive agriculture -site of La venta contains a ceremonial precinct with a 30 ft high Earthen Pyramid -traded, had religious rituals -undecipherable hieroglyphics similar to Mayans -several classes -crops, fishing, and hunting | 10 | |
| 7595253582 | what game did the Olmec's play that would eventually become widely practiced | a ceremonial game on a stone ball court. The ball was made from sap of the local rubber tree (giving them their nickname "The Land of Rubber" | 11 | |
| 7595266555 | Zapotecs | created an extensive civilization in the highlands in central mexico around the middle of the first millennium b.c.e | 12 | |
| 7595273665 | characteristics of the Zapotecs | -20,000 people -government at Mante Alban was theocratic -writing language not deciphered -abandoned for unknown reasons in the late 8th century | 13 | |
| 7595284995 | Danibaan | The "Sacred Mountain" that local residents of Zapotecs lived on | 14 | |
| 7595293868 | Teotihuacan | the first major metropolis in Mesoamerica. Capital arose around 30 miles NE of Mexico City in the 3rd century b.c.e | 15 | |
| 7595304605 | why did the Teotihuacan collapse | we dont know. It happened about 800 c.e | 16 | |
| 7595326454 | characteristics of Teotihuacan | -traded -had 1 story stucco apartments as large as 35,000 square feet -bulk of success was agriculture -combination of fertile soil and clean water made rich farming area | 17 | |
| 7595345945 | what was prized in Mesoamerica | obsidian | 18 | |
| 7595353675 | what happened to Teotihuacan before the ruling class departed in the 8th century carrying stone images of their deities (for unknown reasons) | -population expanded and argued over land -build Chinampas -trading was high but eventually fell | 19 | |
| 7595372336 | Chinampas | swampy islands crossing by canals that provided water for their crops and easy transportation to markets | 20 | |
| 7595383551 | some historians believe that the _____ were the mother culture while others believe that they were equals to all the others | Olmecs | 21 | |
| 7598477325 | Where did the Maya rise | in what is now Guatemala. They begin cultivating by the first millennium b.c.e | 22 | |
| 7598485427 | Cacao trees | a sources of chocolate which was drunken by upperclass Mayans. Cocoa beans were also used as currency | 23 | |
| 7598492935 | overcrowding caused what in Mayan civilization | when pop. migrated north the farmers in low land areas switched from slash and burn cultivation to swamp agriculture | 24 | |
| 7598504086 | when were small city states competing for land in Mayan civilization | middle of the first millennium b.c.e largest urban areas could have up to 100,000 people | 25 | |
| 7598514851 | end of the third century what happened to Mayan civilization | it entered the classical period | 26 | |
| 7598527184 | who ordered the construction of a grand palace at Copan which required over 30,000 people | "18 Rabit" (a monarch) | 27 | |
| 7598532772 | class system in Mayan civilization | -ruler was surrounded by aristocrats whose wealth was the land -nobles were priests and scribes who adopted professions such as sculpting and painting -artisan and traders (middle class) grew with societies wealth -majority of the population was farmers who lived on Chinampa polts | 28 | |
| 7598550937 | Chinampa plots | terraced hills | 29 | |
| 7598557609 | true or false. there was a clear cut division of gender lines for labor | true. Men fought/hunted. Women worked at home | 30 | |
| 7598565438 | could noblewomen play political and religious roles in Mayan civilization | yes | 31 | |
| 7598569013 | Paca | in the 7th century he became king of Palenque through the royal line of his mother and grandmother. He broke the paternal descent twice. His mom ruled for 3 years and was the power behind her sons 25 year rule. She became the "1st mother Goddess" | 32 | |
| 7598595126 | Mayan religion | -polytheistic -shared Gods with cultures nearby -human characteristics -ranked in importance -human sacrifice -cities built around a ceremonial core | 33 | |
| 7598618689 | ball court | a rectangular space surrounded by vertical walls with metal rings through which a rubber ball was shoved through. Vanquished players were sacrificed after the game | 34 | |
| 7598628657 | earliest ball court game dates back to.... | 1500 b.c.e (mostly mens teams with only a few womens) | 35 | |
| 7598631783 | writing in Mayan civilization | -developed during the mid-first millennium b.c.e. Based on hieroglyphics which was undecipherable until the discovering of the calendar which dates back to August 3114 b.c.e. -originally ideograph but became phonetic -written on deer skin or bark -all/most destroyed by Spanish and humidity | 36 | |
| 7598657671 | Palenque holds the mayans most important discovery. What is it | a royal tomb with a massive limestone slab. The tomb was for pacal (the shield). He ordered the construction of the Temple of inscriptions. | 37 | |
| 7598671892 | true or false. The Mayans knew little on astronomy and did not think about heaven | false. They knew quite a lot. (example: arrival of planet Venus at night meant preparing for War) | 38 | |
| 7598679543 | long count | a system of calculating time based on a lunar calendar that calls for the end of the current cycle of 5,200 years and in the year 2012 of the western solar-based Gregorian Calendar | 39 | |
| 7598698755 | when did the cities of Tikal and Calakmal compete for dominance? (resulted in the destruction of Calakmul) | 7th century c.e | 40 | |
| 7598702113 | Mayan decline began when | 8th or 9th century | 41 | |
| 7598705675 | when was Tikal abandoned | 870 c.e | 42 | |
| 7598709767 | what could have caused the abandonment of Tikal | a long drought which lasted throughout most of the 9th or 10th centuries c.e but the Tikal really didn't appear to suffer form lack of water | 43 | |
| 7598719578 | who took over the Tikal area | the Toltecs (led by Kukuclan) | 44 | |
| 7598728029 | early 16th century of Tikal area | divided into a number of small principalities | 45 | |
| 7599295944 | Who moved into the Valley of Mexico | the Mexica. (whose homeland was Aztlan giving them their name of Aztecs) | 46 | |
| 7599331997 | the arrival of the Aztecs in Mexico | in the early 12th century. they carried an image of thier patron deity, Huitzilopochtli, | 47 | |
| 7599340818 | when did the Aztecs become the dominant city state | early 15th century due to be excellent fighters | 48 | |
| 7599346309 | true or false. The Aztecs were a centralized state | false!! they just had many territories | 49 | |
| 7599350788 | how was the Aztec Patron God promoted | promoted to the guiding deity of the entire population (several million people) | 50 | |
| 7599358554 | Government under Aztecs | -authoritarian -monarch was divine and secular -on the death of the ruler, the successor was chosen from within the royal family b a group of senior officials who were also family and eligible for the position -ruler advised by a council of lords headed by a Prime minister who was chief executive of the gov. and the bureaucracy -rulers of territories had considerable autonomy in return for paying tribute | 51 | |
| 7599382214 | who was the most important gov. official | tax collectors. They used threat of military action and were not popular | 52 | |
| 7599391693 | Noble male children life | -sent to temple schools (incredibly hard) -when adults they selected a career in military, gov. or priesthood -reward for services were senior officials received large estates from the gov. | 53 | |
| 7599408221 | Was slavery inherited? | No. Children of slaves were free | 54 | |
| 7599413529 | true or false. commoners would sell themselves into slavery when in debt and later buy themselves out | true | 55 | |
| 7599413530 | calpullis | all commoners members of a large kinship groups. Each had an elected chief doing day to day stuff and provided taxes and labor to the state. They had their own temples and schools. | 56 | |
| 7599438587 | a large portion of the population engaged in ____ | trade | 57 | |
| 7599441737 | a calpulli was divided into ..... | family units who lived in small flat roofed units with 1 or 2 rooms separate from its neighbors. | 58 | |
| 7599451860 | houses of farmers | set n raised dirt platforms built above surrounding fields to prevent flooding | 59 | |
| 7599462223 | male jobs vs. womens in Aztec society | males worked for war and women in homes but could become priests | 60 | |
| 7599470951 | womens rights in Aztec society | could become a priest, own property and had a female deity presiding over marriage | 61 | |
| 7599478623 | polygyny | more than one wife (only practiced by nobles really) | 62 | |
| 7599485403 | classes in Aztec society | -rigid -very little but some upward motion for commoners -noble women could marry commoners because her husbands family would treat her better | 63 | |
| 7599490523 | Gods in Aztec society | -many -Ometeol: all powerful but remote -Quetzalcoatl had a much more direct impact -he left home in the tenth century promising to return in triumph | 64 | |
| 7599502604 | two worlds in Aztec society | divine and material | 65 | |
| 7599506307 | true or false. You could not get to the divine world | false. You could but you had to pass through a transitional state. | 66 | |
| 7599512087 | most devout studied priesthood. Where did they serve | at local or highest shrines | 67 | |
| 7599577383 | the society of the Aztecs was an undergoing process of ________________ | secularization. Gambling increased | 68 | |
| 7599593283 | Aztec religion contained a distinct element of fatalism that was inherent in the creation myth which described.... | an uneasing struggle between the forces of good and evil | 69 | |
| 7599595530 | what did the struggle of good and evil lead to | the creation and destruction of the four sons. The Aztecs were now on the fifth | 70 | |
| 7599607931 | how was "destruction" of the fifth sun postponed in Aztec society | -human sacrifice -victims prepared through elaborate rituals in the holy shrine their hearts were ripped out and presented to the Gods -Honor to be chosen -captives were chosen since they had valor | 71 | |
| 7599639131 | What was at the center of Tenochtitlan | the sacred precinct dominated by a massive pyramid dedicated to Huitzilopochtili and the Rain God, Tlaloc | 72 | |
| 7599646959 | art in Aztec society | little survives but it was great. (compared to Michelangelo) they used gold and silver with lost wax technique since they did not know of bronze or iron | 73 | |
| 7599658467 | what was carved into the central pyramid of Tenochrititlan | a massive disk called the stone of the fifth sun | 74 | |
| 7599665255 | writing in Aztec society | -based on hieroglyphics -not phonetic -used in notes -most notes only dates in a calendar -class of scribes painted notes on paper from inner bark of fig trees -most was destroyed by Spaniards in an attempt to destroy Aztec culture | 75 | |
| 7599685139 | how long has South America been inhabited by humans | more than 12,000 years (although the cavern of the painted rock in the Amazon suggests 11,000 years ago and Mount Kerde suggests 10,500 b.c.e) | 76 | |
| 7599698481 | what was practiced in the west slope of Andes more than 5,000 years | irrigated farming | 77 | |
| 7599735714 | during the 3rd millennium b.c.e complex societies began in modern day | Peru. In 2,500 b.c.e Urban settlements appeared | 78 | |
| 7599744432 | Caral | a 4,500 year old city sitting on the crest of a 60ft high phyramid. | 79 | |
| 7599748876 | how was land divided in Caral | similar to well field system in ancient china | 80 | |
| 7599754180 | Height of Caral | -1st millennium b.ce with Chavin Style -ceremonial precinct contained a stone temple, underground canals -metallurgy -rudimentary form of writing | 81 | |
| 7599761728 | what was developed in 300 b.c.e in Caral | the first solar observatory in the America's in the form of 13 stone towers on a hillside north of Lima Peru | 82 | |
| 7599774918 | when did the Chavin society break | 205 b.c.e | 83 | |
| 7599778990 | Moche | -born on the Moche River in the first millennium b.c.e -more than 2,500 square miles, 10,000 people, two 100 ft high pyramids -high quality artisan ship -warfare -art was celestial symbols, heavens and astronomy -arid -irrigation system | 84 | |
| 7599795823 | largest of the pyramids at Moche | the pyramid of the moon (15 acres) | 85 | |
| 7599802300 | when did Moche collapse | 8th century | 86 | |
| 7599808597 | what killed the Moche | environmental disruptions brought on by the change in temp. of the pacific ocean known as El Nino, led to drought and flooding and death of marine life | 87 | |
| 7599820342 | what appeared in the area of Moche 300 years after its collapse | the Kingdom of Chimor (capital Chan Chan emerged ) | 88 | |
| 7599827333 | Chan Chan | -had a compound that contained a labyrinth that led to the ruler -relied on irrigation | 89 | |
| 7599832506 | how and when did Chimor fall | in the 15th century due to floods and earthquakes. | 90 | |
| 7599840669 | when did people venture into the pacific | 2000 b.c.e | 91 | |
| 7599922222 | true or false. Near the pacific, land transportation was hard | true. Roads were constructed by hard terrain | 92 | |
| 7599930234 | what was the only draft animal near the pacific and what did this caus | the llama. It didn't work well and it hampered the development of regular communication | 93 | |
| 7599933313 | who succeed the Chimor Kingdom | the Inka who invaded from the South in the late 15th century | 94 | |
| 7599942969 | in the 14th century the Inka was small. how did this change in 1440 | Pachakuti led them on a campaign conquest that eventually brought the entire region under their authority | 95 | |
| 7599951461 | how did the boundaries of the Inka spread | spread to Ecuador, Chile and Amazon Basin under Pachakuti, Topa Inka and Huayna Inka | 96 | |
| 7599962187 | how did Pachakutic divide his now centralized state | into provinces and districts. Each province had 10,000 residents and was ruled by a governor related to the royal family | 97 | |
| 7599971876 | The capital of the Inka was Cuzco. how was it divided | into four quarters where the social and economic functions were each rigid. Built on forced labor | 98 | |
| 7599982211 | what was the more impressive structure of the city of Cuzco | a temple dedicated to the sun | 99 | |
| 7599986695 | major construction project of Cuzco | a system of 24, 800 miles of highways that extended from modern Colombia to modern Santiago. two major roadways connected them. | 100 | |
| 7599997463 | true or false. In Inka society use of highways was restricted to official and military purposes | true. Trained runners sent messages to different stations (up to 140 miles a day) | 101 | |
| 7600004783 | what was the most common form of agriculture in the mountains | terraced agriculture | 102 | |
| 7600004784 | terraced agriculture | watered by irrigation systems that carried precise amounts of water into fields | 103 | |
| 7600012360 | true or false. marriage was strictly in immediate tribal groups in Inka | true | 104 | |
| 7600012361 | how could a women not be a housewife in the Inka | fortunate maidens. They were selected to serve as chosen virgins in the temples | 105 | |
| 7602269627 | where could noblewomen do service | in the temple of the sun | 106 | |
| 7602273966 | breaking chastity was incredibly hard and few people did in the _______ | Inka | 107 | |
| 7602276312 | war characteristics of Inka | -built on war -soldier for the 200,000 man Inka army were raised by male conscription -largest and best armed -units moved rapidly -supplies were carried on a road on the backs of camels | 108 | |
| 7602294815 | local inhabitants were instructed in the ______ language which became the lingua franca of the state and was introduced into state religion (Inka) | Quechua | 109 | |
| 7602299921 | how were records kept in the Inka | knotted strings called quipu. They were able to record all data of numerical nature (all other info was memorized) | 110 | |
| 7602312583 | where have Quipu been found | -fragments of quipu have been found at Caral and date back 5000 years ago. -also used in China | 111 | |
| 7602320771 | true or false. most of what survives about the inka was recorded by Spanish | true | 112 | |
| 7608373533 | The Inka had a theater. Was it mostly tragic or comedic | it was both | 113 | |
| 7608376744 | when did small communities switch to farming as a means of survival | 3rd millennium b.c.e. Before this most people lived on fishing, hunting, gathering, etc. | 114 | |
| 7608385682 | what were the most common crops in the Eastern Woodlands | maize, squash, beans, and grasses | 115 | |
| 7608392416 | as population increased in the Eastern Woodlands where did people move | to the alluvial lowlands where soil could be used for many years | 116 | |
| 7608399807 | did small communities in the Eastern woodlands and Alluvial Lowlands have councils | yes and occasionally they would create a chieftain | 117 | |
| 7608404279 | Hopewell culture | these people ranged from the shores of lake superior to the appalachians and gulf of mexico in search of metals, shells and obsidian and manufactured items | 118 | |
| 7608410255 | what was found at Cahokia | a burial mound more than 98 ft high with a base larger than that of the Greaty pyramid. smaller mounds were found around it. The town covered 300 acres and was the administrative capital of the surrounding territory until its decline in the 1200s. | 119 | |
| 7608423587 | characteristics of Cahokia | -population was 20,000 and was the largest city until the creation of Philadelphia -big trade -wars not uncommon Iroquois created a tribal alliance called the League of Iroqusis | 120 | |
| 7612939115 | where did the Anasazi establish an agricultural community | up the rivers of the great plains and as far west as colorado | 121 | |
| 7612950553 | true or false. the Anasazi never established wheels or beasts of burden but had roads | true | 122 | |
| 7612953195 | when did the Anasazi establish an irrigation system | 9th century | 123 | |
| 7612956465 | where did the Anasazi establish an important urban center | at Chaco Canyon in Southern New Mexico where they built walled city with dozens of 3 story adobe communal houses called pueblos | 124 | |
| 7612961378 | Kivas | where community religious functions were carried out in Anasazi community (consisted of 2 large chambers) | 125 | |
| 7612971143 | What did the Anasazi do in the mid 12th century | they moved north. First settled on top of the Mesa but eventually expanded | 126 | |
| 7612977336 | when was Mesa Verde abandoned and where did the inhabitants move | late 13th century. they moved south due to drought | 127 | |
| 7612979635 | who are the descendants of the Anasazi | the Zuni and Hopi who now occupy Pueblos in Central Arizona and New Mexico | 128 | |
| 7612990349 | what was practiced at Pueblo Bonito | cannibalism | 129 | |
| 7612993838 | who came to dominate the southwest after Anasazi | the Navajo | 130 | |
| 7612997568 | who lived along the Orinoco river | the Arawak | 131 | |
| 7613002210 | what did the Arawak begin to cultivate | manioc (a source of Tapioca) | 132 | |
| 7613006409 | what happened to the Arawak as population increased | they created political organizations and social classes which was headed by a chieftain | 133 | |
| 7613014077 | characteristics of Arawak | -practiced human sacrifice -had ball courts -men were equal to women | 134 | |
| 7613018256 | how were women viewed in stateless societies | their roles were complementary and viewed as divine division of labor. They had great positions than some of their counter parts in river valley civilizations of the old world | 135 | |
| 7613026230 | Amazonia | human activity in the Amazon river valley. Recent archaeological evidence suggests that decaying organic matter produced a rich soil suitable for farming so large societies could have existed. | 136 |
