Terms : Hide Images
| 8023652594 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. |  | 0 |
| 8023652595 | Muslims | Followers of Islam |  | 1 |
| 8023652596 | bedouin | Arab nomads. They were organized into tribes and groups called clans. These clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert. Their settlement is from where the Muslim Empire sprang. This was around the 600s AD and at the Arabian Peninsula. |  | 2 |
| 8023652597 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. | 3 | |
| 8023652598 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam. |  | 4 |
| 8023652599 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. |  | 5 |
| 8023652600 | Quraysh | The Meccan tribe that Muhammad belonged to and one of the largest tribes on the Arabian Peninsula. It was originally opposed to Muhammad preaching the words of Allah because Islam was monotheistic and its wealth was based on the polytheistic religions that came to Mecca to worship the gods at the Ka'ba. | 6 | |
| 8023652601 | Umayyad | A Muslim family who came to power of the Islam religion around 661. They moved the Muslim capital to Damascus, so they could control conquered areas easier. They also abandoned the simple life of their previous caliphs and began to surround themselves with wealth and ceremony similar to that of their non-Muslim rulers. Their actions gave rise to a fundamental division in the Muslim community. Rebel groups overthrew them in 750. | 7 | |
| 8023652602 | Ka'ba | the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth |  | 8 |
| 8023652603 | Allah | Arabic for "God"; the supreme god of Islam |  | 9 |
| 8023652604 | Muhammad | The last prophet believed by Muslims who talked to the Archangel Gabriel and whose life teachings is compiled in the Hadith. |  | 10 |
| 8023652605 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. |  | 11 |
| 8023652606 | hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam | 12 | |
| 8023652607 | umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 13 | |
| 8023652608 | zakat | regulated almsgiving; one of the five pillars of Islam Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims |  | 14 |
| 8023652609 | five pillars | The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca |  | 15 |
| 8023652610 | hajj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime. | 16 | |
| 8023652611 | Ali | fourth of the "rightly guided" (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, | 17 | |
| 8023652612 | Abu Bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 18 | |
| 8023652613 | Ridda Wars | Wars launched by Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes from 632-633 just after Muhammad died. The rebels position was that they had submitted to Muhammad as the prophet but owed nothing to Abu Bakr. Most of the tribes were defeated. | 19 | |
| 8023652614 | jihad | When many arabs revolted against Islam after Muhammad's death, Abu-Bakr re-conquered them by using his interpretation of this part of Islam. | 20 | |
| 8023652615 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 21 | |
| 8023652616 | battle of Siffin | Muawiyah vs. Ali, M demanded a ceasefire and negotiate, Ali agrees and some of his supporters get mad. Those who agreed with Ali's decision to agree with ceasefire are Shiites, those who believed that he should have never stopped are Khurjis Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 22 | |
| 8023652617 | Mu'awiya | The governor of Syria and one of Ali's chief rivals, replaced Ali in office. He was the caliphate hereditary in his own family, called the Umayyads. With it's capital in located in Damascus, he remained in power for nearly a century. | 23 | |
| 8023652618 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. | 24 | |
| 8023652619 | Shi'as | Followers of Ali, the group that holds that Muhammad's true successors descended from his son in law Ali |  | 25 |
| 8023652620 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 26 | |
| 8023652621 | Damascus | The Umayyads moved the capital from Mecca to this city. | 27 | |
| 8023652622 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 28 | |
| 8023652623 | dhimmis | "the people of the book", Jews, Christians;, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. | 29 | |
| 8023652624 | Abbasid | A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250. | 30 | |
| 8023652625 | Abu al-Abbas | A descendant of Muhammad's uncle, who led to the overthrow of the Umayyads and the establishment of the abbasid. | 31 | |
| 8023652626 | Baghdad | One of the most important cities during the Abassid empire was this city that is the capital in present-day Iraq. Here Persian influences combined with the Arabic heritage of Islam. | 32 | |
| 8023652627 | wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 33 | |
| 8023652628 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. Was a reason that many peasants during this dynasty did not own their own land. | 34 | |
| 8023652629 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. | 35 | |
| 8023652630 | Nestorians | an early branch of christianity, named after nestorius, that emphasized human nature of jesus A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 36 |
