Terms : Hide Images
| 1186796318 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 1 | |
| 1186796319 | Nomad | a member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water | 2 | |
| 1186796320 | Clan | a group of families who trace their roots to the same ancestor | 3 | |
| 1186796321 | Tribe | A community of people who share common ancestry, customs, language, and rituals | 4 | |
| 1186796322 | Subsistence | the minimum amount to sustain life. | 5 | |
| 1186796323 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children. | 6 | |
| 1186796324 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 7 | |
| 1186796325 | Umayyad | Clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later established an Islamic dynasty from 661 - 750 c.e. | 8 | |
| 1186796326 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century c.e. | 9 | |
| 1186796327 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 10 | |
| 1186796328 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra) | 11 | |
| 1186796329 | Polygamy | The practice of having more than one wife or husband at the same time | 12 | |
| 1186796330 | Monogamous | The practice or custom of being married to one person at a time | 13 | |
| 1186796331 | Animism | A religion in which spirits play an important role in regulating daily life, believe spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural forces and take the form of the souls of their ancestors. | 14 | |
| 1186796332 | Polytheism | The belief or worship in more than one god | 15 | |
| 1186796333 | Muhammed | Prophet of Islam; born 570 c.e. to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; recieved revelations from Allah in 610 c.e.; dies 632 c.e. | 16 | |
| 1186796334 | Khadijah | First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. | 17 | |
| 1186796335 | Qur'an | Islam's primary sacred text, regarded by Muslims as the direct words of Allah, revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel | 18 | |
| 1186796336 | Hijra | The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era. | 19 | |
| 1186796337 | Umma | The community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries. | 20 | |
| 1186796338 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims; One of the Five Pillars of Islam | 21 | |
| 1186796339 | Egalitarianism | a belief in the equality of all people | 22 | |
| 1186796340 | Five Pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 23 | |
| 1186796341 | Ramadan | The ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which Muslims are required to fast | 24 | |
| 1186796343 | Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam | 25 | |
| 1186796345 | Hajji | A title given to a man that has successfully completed the hajj. | 26 | |
| 1186796348 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad | 27 | |
| 1186796351 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph(632 - 634) of Islamic community | 28 | |
| 1186796353 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam. | 29 | |
| 1186796355 | Jihads | Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith. | 30 | |
| 1186796357 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule | 31 | |
| 1186796360 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 32 | |
| 1186796362 | Sunni | The majority branch of Islam, which feels that successors to Muhammad are to be chosen by the Muslim community | 33 | |
| 1186796363 | Shi'a | The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Islam | 34 | |
| 1186796364 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 35 | |
| 1186796365 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 36 | |
| 1186796366 | Mu'awiya | Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 37 | |
| 1186796367 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 38 | |
| 1186796368 | Battle of Tours | Battle at Poitier in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe | 39 | |
| 1186796369 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 40 | |
| 1186796370 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam. Not accepted as full members until the Abbasid dynasty | 41 | |
| 1186796371 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands. | 42 | |
| 1186796372 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 43 | |
| 1186796373 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad. | 44 | |
| 1186796374 | Merv | An oasis town in the eastern Iranian borderlands of the empire, start of the revolt of Abu-al-Abbas | 45 | |
| 1186796375 | Abbasid | Dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished | 46 | |
| 1186796376 | Abu-al-Abbas | The chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab | 47 | |
| 1186796377 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 48 | |
| 1186796378 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 49 | |
| 1186796379 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire | 50 | |
| 1186796380 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 51 | |
| 1186796381 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. | 52 | |
| 1186796382 | Banu hashim | a clan within the Quryash tribe of Mecca that Mohammed was born into | 53 | |
| 1186796383 | Mt. Hira | site of the cave where Muhammad received revelations from Allah | 54 | |
| 1186796384 | Suras | chapters of the Qur'an | 55 | |
| 1186796385 | Sharia | Codified Islamic law which is ethically based on the Qur'an and the Hadith. | 56 |
