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| 5245908241 | Eurasia, Africa, Americas | ___________ was home to more than 80% of the world's population, __________ about 11%, __________ 5%-7% | 0 | |
| 5245915342 | humus | a vegetable matter in Africa | 1 | |
| 5245925612 | Saint Augustine | Christianity spread widely, giving rise to some of the early Church's most famous martyrs and to one of its most important theologians, such as _______ __________ | 2 | |
| 5245938643 | Nubian civilization | this civilization laid in the Nile Valley south of Egypt, and they fought and traded with Egypt for along time | 3 | |
| 5245944766 | Meroe | Nubian civilization came to center on this southern city | 4 | |
| 5245951180 | Apedemeck | a local lion god in Africa | 5 | |
| 5247004403 | Coptic Christianity | another name for Egyptian Christianity | 6 | |
| 5247008490 | Axum | this state lies in the Horn of Africa in what is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. its highly productive agriculture used a plow-based farming system. taxes on trade brought in money for the state | 7 | |
| 5247042811 | teff | a highly nutritious grain unique to the region of Axum | 8 | |
| 5247049753 | huge stone obelisks | monumental buildings that most likely marked royal graves | 9 | |
| 5247058829 | Geez | the language used in court, in the towns, and for the commerce in Axum | 10 | |
| 5247065502 | Agaw-speaking people | the people in Axum | 11 | |
| 5247068882 | King Ezana | the monarch of Axum that adopted Christianity at about the same time as Emperor Constantine | 12 | |
| 5247084100 | Jenne-jeno | in the NIGER valley, laid this city, which housed over 40,000 people. got copper, gold, and iron from others because they didn't posses any of their own. it was also an important transshipment | 13 | |
| 5247096965 | "cities without citadels" | these were the cities of the Niger River Valley; they operated without the coercive authority of a state, and they resemble the early cities of the Indus Valley civilization | 14 | |
| 5260853353 | ore | another word for earth | 15 | |
| 5260855397 | griots | praise-singers who preserved and recited the oral traditions of their societies | 16 | |
| 5260878188 | camel-borne trans-Sahara commerce | this was partially responsible for the emerged empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay | 17 | |
| 5260951313 | Bantu-speaking peoples | this movement of people generated about 400 distinct but closely related languages | 18 | |
| 5260965334 | the San | gathering and hunting peoples in the Kalahari region that survived into modern times | 19 | |
| 5260989002 | Bantu, gathering and hunting | there was no greater cross-cultural encounter than between the agricultural __________ and the __________ _____ _________ peoples | 20 | |
| 5260993693 | Batwa | these were foraging people, aka the Pygmy people, located in the region of Central Africa | 21 | |
| 5261009108 | "forest specialists" | the Batwa were also known as ________ __________ because they produced honey, wild game, elephant products, animal skins, and medicinal barks and plants, all of which entered regional trading networks in exchange for the agricultural products of their Bantu neighbors | 22 | |
| 5261038170 | the Khoikhoi people | these people lived in South Africa, and were originally gatherers and hunters, but they did not practice agriculture, and they illustrate the interaction and selective cultural borrowing that took place among the various peoples of the region | 23 | |
| 5261062058 | "owners of the land" | Bantu chiefs referred the Batwa the title of "_______ _____ ____ ________" for themselves, claimed Batwa ancestry, and portrayed the Batwa as the original "CIVILIZERS OF THE EARTH" | 24 | |
| 5261094065 | lineage heads | these were men of a particular generation; those who acquired a measure of personal wealth or who proved skillful at meditating between the local spirits and the people might evolve into chiefs with a modest political authority | 25 | |
| 5261128246 | cattle | the power of dead ancestors might be accessed through rituals of sacrifice, especially that of ___________ | 26 | |
| 5261142452 | charms | supernatural power deriving from ancient heroes, ancestors, or nature spirits also resided in _________ , which could be activated by proper rituals and used to control the rains, defend the village, achieve success in hunting, or identify witches | 27 | |
| 5261165248 | witches | belief in __________ was widespread, reflecting the idea that evil or misfortune was the work of malicious people | 28 | |
| 5261178829 | diviners | __________ were skilled in penetrating the supernatural, used dreams, visions, charms, or trances to identify the source of misfortune and to prescribe remedies | 29 | |
| 5261199694 | "continuous revelation" | Bantu religious practices was predicated on the notion of "__________ __________" -- THE possibility of constantly receiving new messaged from the world beyond | 30 | |
| 5265146619 | Mesoamerica and the Andes | two major centers of civilization in the Americas | 31 | |
| 5265169427 | Aztec and Inca empires | the latest civilizations in Mesoamerica and the Andes | 32 | |
| 5265177609 | Mesoamerica | this area, geographically speaking, is one of "extraordinary diversity compressed into a relatively small space"; it ranged from steamy lowland rainforests to cold and windy plateaus | 33 | |
| 5265187879 | Mesoamerican religious beliefs & accomplishments | their religious beliefs featured a similar pantheon of deities, belief in a cosmic cycle or creation and destruction, human sacrifice, and monumental ceremonial centers; they made a ritual calendar of 260 days and hieroglyphic writing | 34 | |
| 5265210258 | priests | these people were the intellectuals of the Maya that developed a mathematical system that included the concept of 0 and place notation and were capable of complex calculations | 35 | |
| 5265223417 | writing system in the Americas | the creation of the most elaborate ________ ________ ____ ____ __________, which used both pictographs and phonetic or syllabic elements | 36 | |
| 5265237952 | "almost totally engineered landscape" | the Maya lived in an "_________ __________ __________ __________". they drained swamps, terraced hillsides, flattened ridge tops, and constructed elaborate water management system | 37 | |
| 5265251574 | "state shamans" | the Maya were ruled by powerful kings, who were divine rulers or "__________ __________", able to mediate between humankind and the supernatural | 38 | |
| 5265262029 | Tikal | one of the cities in the Maya civilization that contained about 50,000 people, with another 50,000 in the surrounding countryside; Teotihuacan turned this place into its ally | 39 | |
| 5265292227 | Maya civilization | this empire collapsed because of rapid population growth (which stripped out resources), climate change, and warfare | 40 | |
| 5265273911 | Teotihuacan | a giant city north of the Valley of Mexico, built to a plan rather than evolving haphazardly, and had a population between 100,000-200,000 people. It was the largest urban complex in the Americas at the time and one of the six largest in the world; not much writing, elaborate painting and murals, an oligarchy; MYSTERIOUS COLLAPSE | 41 | |
| 5265300006 | Street of the Dead | this street in Teotihuacan possessed great homes of the elite, the headquarters for the state authorities, many temples, and two giant pyramids | 42 | |
| 5265313991 | the Pyramid of the Sun | this pyramid had been constructed over an ancient tunnel leading to a cave and may have been regarded as the site of creation itself, the birthplace of the sun and the moon | 43 | |
| 5265325329 | the Temple of the Feathered Serpent | in this temple, archeologists have found the remains of 200 people, their hand and arms tied behind their backs; they were unwilling sacrificial victims meant to accompany the high-ranking person there to the afterlife | 44 | |
| 5265347363 | Kaminalijuyu | a Maya city in the southern highlands that was overtaken by the Teotihuacan military and organized as a colony | 45 | |
| 5265367791 | Zapotec capital of Monte Alban | in this capital (city), mural show unarmed persons from Teotihuacan engaged in what seems to be more equal diplomatic relationships | 46 | |
| 5265383595 | "city of the gods" | the peoples of the Aztec Empire dubbed the great metropolis as Teotihuacan, the "________ ____ ____ ________" | 47 | |
| 5265393583 | the Andes | a towering mountain chain with many highland valleys, many distinct ecological niches, and had a rich marine enviroment | 48 | |
| 5265425617 | staircase terrace system | on the steep slopes of the Andes, people carved out huge ________ __________ _________, which remain impressive in the 21st century | 49 | |
| 5265435664 | Norte Chico | the coastal region of central Peru, which did not develop writing, neither did the Incas | 50 | |
| 5265449723 | human trophy heads | these indicate raiding, warfare, and violence among the local centers of the Chavin | 51 | |
| 5265459788 | Chavin de Huantar | a village located in the highlands of the Andes, was the focus of a religious movement, was situated on trade routes; population was 2,000-3,000 people; the elite lived in stone houses and commoners lived in adobe dwellings | 52 | |
| 5265479853 | deities of Chavin | the _________ ____ _________ were represented as jaguars, crocodiles, and snakes, all of them native to the Amazon basin | 53 | |
| 5265500706 | San Pedro cactus | the shamans/priests in Chavin used this cactus and its hallucinogenic properties to penetrate the supernatural world | 54 | |
| 5265652221 | Moche civilization | this civilization's economy was rooted in a complex irrigation system requiring constant maintenance; fishermen got millions of anchovies; superb skill of their craftspeople; subject to periodic drought, earthquakes, and occasional torrential rains associated with El Nino episodes; vulnerable to aggressive neighbors, which eventually led to their collapse | 55 | |
| 5265610606 | guano | rich bird droppings | 56 | |
| 5265612727 | warrior-priests | Moche was governed by ________-________, some who lived atop huge pyramids | 57 | |
| 5265620449 | the Lords of the Sipan | these 3 men were laid in adobe burial chambers, one above the other, each was decked out in his ceremonial regalia | 58 | |
| 5265697830 | the Nazca | these people are on the arid southern coast of Peru, and are famous for their underground irrigation canals, polychrome pottery, and textiles, and their mysterious lines in the desert in the form of animals of that region | 59 | |
| 5265710611 | Tiwanaku | a city of monumental buildings and perhaps 40,000-50,000 people. The Huari and Chimu kingdoms were further examples of this Andean civilization | 60 | |
| 5265749490 | "semi-sedentary" | the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon Basin, the Caribbean islands were populated by peoples sometimes defined as "_________-_________" | 61 | |
| 5265767936 | pit houses | the ancestral pueblo: a permanent village didn't take place until 600-800 B.C.; people lived in ________ ________ with the floors sunk several feet below ground level | 62 | |
| 5265883562 | kivas | these were much larger pit structures used for ceremonial purposes, which symbolized the widespread belief that humankind emerged into this world from another world below | 63 | |
| 5265895877 | pueblos | growing dependence on agriculture, increasing population, more intensive patterns of exchange--gave rise to larger settlements and adjacent aboveground structures known as ____________ | 64 | |
| 5265910711 | "great houses" | the largest of these towns or "_________ _________," Pueblo Bonito, stood five stories high and had more than 600 rooms and many kivas | 65 | |
| 5266034733 | 40 feet wide roads in Chaco | hundreds of ______ ______ ______ _______ ____ _________ possibly represent a "sacred landscape which gave order to the world," joining its outlying communities in a Middle Place, an entrance perhaps to the underworld | 66 | |
| 5266055840 | astronomers | the Chaco elite were highly skilled _____________ who constructed an observatory of three large rock slabs situated as to throw a beam of light across a spiral rock carving behind it at the summer solstice | 67 | |
| 5266077558 | Mound Builders | people of the Eastern Woodlands created societies distinguished by arrays of large earthen mounds, found all over the US east of the Mississippi, making archeologists say they are __________ ____________ ; corn-based agriculture | 68 | |
| 5266163244 | the Hopewell Culture | scholars call the earliest of the Mound Builders the _____________ _____________ | 69 | |
| 5270569606 | "Hopewell Interaction Sphere" | a loose network of exchange, as well as a measure of cultural borrowing or religious ideas and practices within this immense area | 70 | |
| 5270600771 | Cahokia | the dominant center near present-day St. Louis and Missouri; its central mound, a terraced pyramid of four levels, was the largest structure north of Mexico and the center of a widespread trading network | 71 | |
| 5270628528 | Natchez people | Spanish and French explorers encountered another chiefdom knows as the _________ ________ | 72 | |
| 5270638197 | Great Suns | Paramount chiefs are also called _________ _________ and they lives luxuriously | 73 | |
| 5270647147 | "principle men" | an elite class of "__________ __________" or "honored peoples" clearly occupied a different status from commoners | 74 | |
| 5270656385 | stinkards | also known as commoners in the mound building culture | 75 |
