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| 6052156477 | Arabic numerals | A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today. | 0 | |
| 6052156478 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva | 1 | |
| 6052156479 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 2 | |
| 6052156480 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. | 3 | |
| 6052156481 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. | 4 | |
| 6052156482 | Harun al-Rashid | (786-809) He was the caliph of the Abbasid dynasty during its high point. He provided liberal support for artists and writers, bestowed lavish and luxurious gifts on his favorites, and distributed money to the poor and the common classes by tossing coins into the streets of Baghdad. | 5 | |
| 6052156483 | Hulagu | lead troops to outside baghdad and executed the last caliph by wrapping him up in a carpet and had trampled by horses | 6 | |
| 6052156484 | Ibn Khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. | 7 | |
| 6052156485 | Kabir | Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 8 | |
| 6052156486 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Islamic leader who ruled parts of Iran and India between the years 997-1030. Islamic presence in India was quite new at the time. Unaccustomed to ruling a non-Muslim population, he destroyed various Hindu and Buddhist temples. His raids into India are often portrayed as being motivated by money. | 9 | |
| 6052156487 | Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) | 10 | |
| 6052156488 | Mir Bai | Low-caste, woman poet and song-writer in bhaktic cults. | 11 | |
| 6052156489 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 12 | |
| 6052156490 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Conquered a section of India called Sind and respected Hindu and Buddhist temples even though Muslims usually did not tolerate polytheism. | 13 | |
| 6052156491 | Muhammad of Ghur | Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control. | 14 | |
| 6052156492 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established a kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi; proclaimed himself sultan | 15 | |
| 6052157918 | Rubaiyat | Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine where he expresses his opinions | 16 | |
| 6052156493 | Salah-ud-Din | (1137-1193); Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms, 3rd crusade, along with Richard. | 17 | |
| 6052156494 | Sati | a former practice in India whereby a widow threw herself onto her husband's funeral pyre. | 18 | |
| 6052157919 | Sa'di | Persian poet, short poems on advice, humor, morals | 19 | |
| 6052156495 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 20 | |
| 6052156496 | Shah-Nama | Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests | 21 | |
| 6052156497 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion. | 22 | |
| 6052156498 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 23 | |
| 6052156499 | al-Biruni | Major figure in Islamic mathematics, perisan scholar | 24 | |
| 6052156500 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 25 | |
| 6052156501 | al-Mahdi | Third of the Abbasid caliphs attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problems of succession | 26 | |
| 6052156502 | al-Razi | A Persian Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. (865-925) | 27 | |
| 6052156503 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 28 |
