(The Post-Classical Era: 600-1450) These are all of the bolded terms for this chapter that the book gives definitions for, I recommend on just studying the ones you need to know
Terms : Hide Images
| 8176087794 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; a culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 0 | |
| 8176087795 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children. | 1 | |
| 8176087796 | Mecca | A city located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam. | 2 | |
| 8176087797 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750. | 3 | |
| 8176087798 | Quraysh | The tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. | 4 | |
| 8176087799 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; the focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as the important shrine in Islam. | 5 | |
| 8176087800 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became a refuge for Muhammad following the flight from Mecca (hijra). | 6 | |
| 8176087801 | Allah | The Arabic term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith. | 7 | |
| 8176087802 | Sasanian Empires | The dynasty that ruled Persia (contemporary Iran) in the centuries before the rise of Muhammad and the early decades of Islamic expansion. | 8 | |
| 8176087803 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632. | 9 | |
| 8176087804 | Khadijah | First wife of the Prophet Muhammad, who had worked for him as a trader. | 10 | |
| 8176087805 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam. | 11 | |
| 8176087806 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a. | 12 | |
| 8176087807 | Umma | The community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create a degree of political unity. | 13 | |
| 8176087808 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims. | 14 | |
| 8176087809 | Five Pillars of Islam | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and Hajj. | 15 | |
| 8176087810 | Ramadan | The Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. | 16 | |
| 8176087811 | Hajj | A Muslims pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba. | 17 | |
| 8176087812 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad. | 18 | |
| 8176087813 | Abu Bakr | The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community. | 19 | |
| 8176087814 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in a defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored the unity of Islam. | 20 | |
| 8176087815 | Jihads | Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding. | 21 | |
| 8176087816 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. | 22 | |
| 8176087817 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions. | 23 | |
| 8176087818 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off a civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan. | 24 | |
| 8176087819 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party. | 25 | |
| 8176087820 | Mu'awiya | The leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following a civil war with Ali. | 26 | |
| 8176087821 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyad. | 27 | |
| 8176087822 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali. | 28 | |
| 8176087823 | Karbala | The site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked the beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate. | 29 | |
| 8176087824 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. | 30 | |
| 8176087825 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam. | 31 | |
| 8176087826 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories. | 32 | |
| 8176087827 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as an inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus. | 33 | |
| 8176087828 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad. | 34 | |
| 8176087829 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. | 35 | |
| 8176087830 | Battle of the River Zab | The victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in the conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital. | 36 | |
| 8176087831 | Baghdad | The capital of Abbassid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. | 37 | |
| 8176087832 | Wazir | A chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of the empire. | 38 | |
| 8176087833 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design. | 39 | |
| 8176087834 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. | 40 |
