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| 7537174779 | Biggest cause of the spread of Islamic civ | The creation of dhows, which were very small vessels w/ one or two masts, and had one or two large triangular lateen sails that let them sail against the wind. Tens of thousands of dhows=main carriers of Muslim commerce. | 0 | |
| 7537205878 | Dhows, importance | Many of the same ships conveyed Sufis or Muslim holy men to India, Java, Malaya, Philippine. Essential to the remarkable spread of Islam. Missionaries of Ilslamic faith = traveled by caravan into Central Asia and across ASahara, or across sea in Dhows. | 1 | |
| 7537222522 | Collapse of the Bassids | Rival dynasties were challenging them, new nomaidic invasions by Turkish speakers and the Mognols, Berber jihadists as wlell. | 2 | |
| 7537244840 | Al-Mahdi | Third abbasid caliph. There were lots of courtly excesses and poli divisiions contributing to the decline fo the empire, Al-Mahdi= wanted to reconcile the moderates among the Shia opposition, their revolts and assissination attemps would plague the Abbassid officials. Al-Mahdi = liked luxury, lots of concubines. he also couldn't solve the problem of succession, and allowed his wives and concubiens to become involved in palace intrigues. | 3 | |
| 7537264149 | Harun al-Rashid | Loved extravagence, met some ambassaders from Charlemagne and showed them the beauties of Bahgdad. Became dependent on Persian advisors, tried to resist their influence but most caliphs soon became pawns in power struggles. | 4 | |
| 7537279046 | Effect of Harun al-Rashid's death | Bunch of full-scale civil wars over succession. | 5 | |
| 7537293789 | Creation of a nomad force by one of the sons of al-Ma'mun | Chose to build personal armies in the anticipation fo rthe fight for throne. Recruited a bodyguard of 4,000 nomads, then increased this mercenary force to 70,000. | 6 | |
| 7537309428 | The force gets loose | Murdered the reigning caliph and placed a son on the throne, and four mor ecaliphs = killed. They also became a majro force for violent social unrest, and were major force in social unrest. | 7 | |
| 7537316234 | Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder | Dynasty managed to bring the slave armies under control, but the civil violence = drained the treasury, alienated the subjects of the Abbasids, further strain on the empire's dwindling revenues by Caliphs' attempts to leave Baghdad by making new capitals near the orginal one, expense = fell on the peasantry, and the need to support more mercenaries = more revenue demands on the peasantry. | 8 | |
| 7537369349 | Taxation and outright pillaging, more civil unrest | Spiraling taxation, pillaging = destruction of many villages in the richest provinces of the empire. Giant irrigation works = fell into disrepair, peasant died and others went into the wildernes, dissident religious groups = peasant uprising. | 9 | |
| 7537387717 | Declining of Women in Family and Society | Harem and the veil = embelm of women' increasing subjugation to men and confinement to the home.Concubines = slaves who win their freedom and gain power gy having healthy sons. Great demand for female and male slaves. | 10 | |
| 7537420580 | Slaves, origins | Captured or purchased in the non-Muslim regions surrounding the empire, including the Balkans, central Asia, Sudanic Africa, sold in slave markets. Female and male slaves = desired for beauty and intelligence. Slave womena dns ervants = had more personal liberty than freeborn wives. Could go to the market, didn't need veils and robes. | 11 | |
| 7537439452 | Poor women's role in the house | They farmed, made clothing and rugs, raised silkworms,. | 12 | |
| 7537453214 | Rich women, roles | They cajoled their husbands, plotted with eunuchs and royal advisors to advance their interests of their sons and win for them the ruler's backing for succession to the throne. By the end of the Abbasid time, freedom and influence o/ Women = severely curtailed. | 13 | |
| 7537466480 | Buyids | Army of a regional splinter dynasty, invaded the ehartlands and took baghdad. From that point on, caliphs = pawns by Buyids. | 14 | |
| 7537474650 | Buyids, failure to maintain empire | They couldn't hold it together, Seljuk Turks came in | 15 | |
| 7537485738 | Seljuk Turks | Nomads from Central Asia via Persia. Turkic military leaders ruled the remaining portions of the Abbasid empire in the name of caliphs. Seljuks = staunch Sunnis, purged the Shiite officials. Seljuk = restored political initative, ended the threat of conquest by a rival Shia dynasty in Egypt, humbled the Byzantines, which allowed Asia Minor to be taken. | 16 | |
| 7537501880 | The Christian Crusades #1 | They come down from Western Europe, want to take portions of the Islamic world. They took the Holy Land Jerusalem taken, Muslim and Jewish inhabitants smashed to pieces. | 17 | |
| 7537548969 | Crusaders: overall threat to muslims | Not really a big deal, they hated Christians shown by the fact that they continued to quarrel among themselves. | 18 | |
| 7537554151 | Saladin | Muslim ruler, the Msulims retake all of the crusader outposts. | 19 | |
| 7537560155 | effect of the Crusades on Christians | Intensified European borrowing from the Muslim world, Muslim weapons = highly prized and copied by the Europeans, who were eager to improve on their methods of making war. Muslim techniques of bulding fortifications = copied by Christian rulers. Also recovered the Greek learning lost to northern Europe during waves of nomadic invasions after the fall of Rome. Mastered Arabic numerals and the decimal system, benefited in advances in math + science. | 20 | |
| 7537593670 | Muslim influences: elite and popular cultures of western Europe | Included Persian and Arabic words, games like chess, chivalric ideals and ballads, foods like dates, coffee and yogurt. Muslim ppls in this era = little interest in learning or instiutions of the west, though Italian merchant communities = contribute a lot more to these ongoing interchanges. | 21 | |
| 7537616832 | Expansion of the pro classes | Muslim, Jewish, Christians amassed fortues supplying cities w/ grain and barley, cotton, woole textiles, luxury items like gems, fruits, cane. Lots of long-d trade. | 22 | |
| 7537627983 | Chief beneficiaries of the sustained urban propserity | Artists and artisans who continued the formidable achievements in architecture and the rafts tht began in the Umayyad period, Mosques and palaces = bigger + more ornate. Muslim engineers and architects created some of the great architectural treasures, tapestries and rugs of Muslim peoples = in great demand from Europe to China, rugs = desired for their great designs, vivid colors, skillw ith which they are woven. | 23 | |
| 7537648619 | Rise o/ Persian iterature | Persian caliphs came to be important in imperial politics, it replaced Arabic as the primary written language of religion, law, nat'l sciences. Persian = high culture language. | 24 | |
| 7537663321 | Shah-Nama | Book of kings, it relates the history of Persia from the beginning of time to Islamic conquests, lots o/ details o/ battles, intrigues, illicit love affairs. | 25 | |
| 7560310191 | Persian writers in the Abbasid era, what they write about | Wrote on many things, from doomed love affairs and statecraft to accounts of distant travels, mystical strivig for communion w/ divine. Sadi fuses an everyday incident w/ a religious one. | 26 | |
| 7560385356 | Achievements in the Sciences, muslim | They helped to preserve and compile the learning of the ancient civiliations, Mslim ppls = creators and inventors, they outstripped all other in scientific discoveries, new techniques of investigation, new technologies. Developed algebraic and geometric theories, and started up trignometry. | 27 | |
| 7560395522 | Discoveries in Chemistry | Creation of the objective experiment and al-Razi's scheme of classifying all material substances into animal, vegetable, mineral substances. | 28 | |
| 7560401480 | Sophistication of Muslim scientific techniques | al-Biruni = calculated the specific weight of 18 major minerals. Sophistication also manifested in astronomical instruments, developed through cooperation btw Muslim scholars and skilled artisans, astronimcal tables + maps = in great demand among scholars of other civs. | 29 | |
| 7560408689 | Practical applications of Muslim work n Scientific investigation | Muslim cities had some of the best hopspitals in the world, Doctors and pharmacists had to follow a course of study and pass an exam. Also did important work on optics andbladder ailments, and muslim traders introduced into the Islamic world and europe many basic machines and techniques devised earlier in China. | 30 | |
| 7560417033 | Religious trends in Islam | Resurgence of mysticism = Islam has a new vibrancy, but orthodox religious scholars like the ulama = more suspicious of and hostile to non-islamic ideas and scientific thinking. Crusades promoted the latter trend. | 31 | |
| 7560420106 | Al-Ghazali | Greatest Islamic theologian, struggled to fuse the Greek and Qur'anic traditions, ideas often rejected by orthodox scholars. | 32 | |
| 7560423677 | Sufist movement | Reaction against the impersonal and abstract divinity that many ulama scholars argued was the true god of the Qu'ran. Sufis = tried to see beyond what they believed to be the illusory existence of everyday life, delight in the presence of Allahin the world. Insisted ona clear ditstinction btw Allah and humans. | 33 | |
| 7560445534 | Sufis, reputations | Some gained reputations as great healers and workers of miracles, others led militant bands that tried to spread Islam. Some sufis used ascetism to find Allah, others use meditation/songs/drugs/ecstatic dancing, also pursue scientific investigations and writing major works on ethics and poli philosophy. | 34 | |
| 7560449799 | Smashing of the Abbasids, this time for good | Mongols united under Genghis Khan raided and smashe the Truko-Persian kingdoms that had developed in the regions to the east of Baghdad, his grand son renewed the Mongol assault on the rich centers of Islamic civ. They then continued west until smashed by Mamluks. | 35 | |
| 7560459810 | Hinduism vs Muslim | Complete opposites, Hinduism - open, tolerant, inclusive, while Islam = doctrinaire, proselytizing, committed to the worship of 1 god. | 36 | |
| 7560470937 | First Muslim intrusion | Peaceful trading contacts that initially brought Muslims into contact with Indian civilization. Arab seafarers and traders = major carriers in the vast trading network that stretched from italy in the Med to South China Sea. After converting to Islam, traders visited the ports of India, esp. those on the west caost. | 37 | |
| 7560483713 | Quarrel over piracy-spread of Islam into India | Attack by piracters from Sind in Western India = a punitive expedition against the king of Sind, and so Muhammad Ibn Qasim led more than 10,000 warrirors into Sind. Muhammad then took Sind. | 38 | |
| 7560489880 | Indian Influences on Islamic Civ | Arab foothold in Sind = contacts by which Indian learning transmitted to the Muslim heartlands in the ME. Islamic civ = enriched by the skills and discoveries of yet another great civ. | 39 | |
| 7560495340 | Indian Knowledge heads to Arab states | Hindu mathematicians and astronemrs, their works on algebra and gemoetry translated into Arabic, isntruments for celestial observation copied, Arab thinkers used the numerical system. | 40 | |
| 7560499094 | Indian treatises on subjects | Ranged from medicine to music translated and studied by Arab scholars, Indian physicians brought to Baghdad to run the well-endowed hopsitals Christian crusaders found a source of wonderment and a cause for envy. Indian doctors = cured Arab rulers and officials whom Greek physicians had pronounced beyond elp. | 41 | |
| 7560504987 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Lead a series of expeditions that began nearly 200 years of Muslim raiding and conquest in northern India. Mahmud = smashed deep into the continent. | 42 | |
| 7560509710 | Muhammad of Ghur | Put together a string of military victories that brough the Indus valley and much of north central India under his control, Muhammad's conquests = extended along the Gangetic plain as far as Bengal. | 43 | |
| 7560514011 | Capital of the new Muslim empire | At Delhi along the Jumna River on the Gangetic plain, Delhi's location in the very center of nrothern India = proclaimed a Muslim dynasty rooted in the subcontinent itslef. | 44 | |
| 7560518997 | Further spread of Islam down south | Sizable Muslim communities begin tod evelop, main carriers of the new faith = merchants but most especially Sufi mystics, the latter shared much ith Indian gurus and wandering ascetics in both style and message. Belief in their magical and healing powers enhanced the Sufi stature, increased following. | 45 | |
| 7560538418 | Indigenous converts, where they come from | Came from specific egions and social groups, very small numbers of converts found in the Indo-Gangetic centers of Muslim political power, which suggests the very limited imortance of forced conversions, most Indians who converted to Islam = Buddhist or low caste groups. | 46 | |
| 7560542142 | Why ppl wanted to become Islamic | Islamic = more rigorous, and without monastic suprerivision local buddhist congregations = sank further into orgy and experiments with magic. Untouchables and low caste hindus and ppl worshipping spriits attracted to the more egalitarian social arrangements. | 47 | |
| 7560548868 | Hindus, positions as administrators in the bureacracies of Muslim overlords | Many = willing to take positions as administrators in the bureacracies of Muslim overlords or as soldiers armies and trade with Muslim Merchants, but were socially aloof fom their conquerors. | 48 | |
| 7560554125 | HIndus, staffing the bureacracies, poortion of the armies of Muslim rulers | Muslim princes = regal styles and practices that were Hindu-isnpired and contrary to the Wur'an. Some muslim rulers said they were of divine descent. | 49 | |
| 7560556201 | Muslim commuiities, social divide | recently arrived Muslims = generally on top of the hierarchies that developed. High Ccaste Hindu converts came next, followed by clean artisan and merchant groups, lower caste and untouchables = at the bottom. | 50 | |
| 7560568560 | Consequences for women, spread of islam | The ivaders adopt practice ofmarrying women early, prohibitions against remarriage of widows at the high caste levels, and even do sati. | 51 | |
| 7560571699 | Hindu rxn to Islam's spread | Chose to put greater emphasis on the devotional cults of gods and goddesses that had been effective in smashing Buddhism | 52 | |
| 7560572887 | Bhaktic cults | Open to all, some of the most celebrated writers of religious poetry and songs of worhsip = women like Mira bai. Sants from low caste origins = revered by warrior and brahmans as wellas wby farmers merchants and outcastes. | 53 | |
| 7560577221 | Kabir | Muslim weaver, played down the significance of religious differences, proclaimed tha tlall faiths could make spiritual fulfillment. | 54 | |
| 7560582608 | Bhakti mystics and gurus, what they stress | Stressed importanceof strong emtional bond btw devotee and the god of goddess of veneration. Chnts, dances, sometimes drugs used to reach state of spiritual intoxication, once you get there, all past sins = removed. Widely worshipped deities = Shiva and Vishnu. Kali = venerated as well, it did much to stem flow of converts to Islam. | 55 | |
| 7560590662 | Spread of Islam to SE Asia | Got down there. Started after the fall of Shrivijaya, which was centered on the Strait of Malacca btw Malaya and NE of Sumatra. Way open for widespread introduction of Islam, indian traders = welcome to trade int he chain of ports controlleld by them. Little incentive for the traders and sailros to be Islam, but with the fall of Shrivijaya, incentives increase to preach faith to coastal ppls. | 56 | |
| 7560752965 | The key to widespread conversion | Was the powerful trading city of Malacca, whose smaller trading empire = replaced Shrivijaya. From malacca, Islam sprea to east Sumatra and to Demak on the north coast of Java. From there, the Muslim faith spread to other javanese orts. After a long struggle with a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in the interiro, the rest of the island was eventually converted. From Deak, Islam went to the Celebes adn the Spice Islands in the eastern archipelago, and from the lattter to mindanao in the Southern phillipines. | 57 | |
| 7560770973 | Sufis, how they vary in personality and approach | Most were believed by thsoe who followed them to have magical powers, nearly all sufis established mosque and school centers from which they traveled in neighboring regions to preach the faith. Sufis = allowed inhabitants of island SE asia to retain pre-Islamic beliefs and practices, which remained important in regulating social intercation, whereas islamic law = confined to specific agreement sand exchanges. Women - stronger position. | 58 |
