HHS World civilizations textbook.
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| 100070995 | stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states. | 0 | |
| 100070996 | sahel | Extensive grassland belt at South edge of Sahara desert, point of exchange between forests of South and North Africa |  | 1 |
| 100070997 | juula | Manlike merchants, formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout the Mali Empire, eventually spread throughout West Africa. | 2 | |
| 100070998 | sharia | Islamic law, defined among other things that patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance | 3 | |
| 100070999 | Almoravids | Putanicle reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of North Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara, conquered Ghana in 1076. Moved Southward against African kingdoms of the Savanna and Westward into Spain. | 4 | |
| 100071000 | Almohadis | Reformist movement among the Islamic Berberss of Northern Africa, later then the Almoravids, penetrated into Sub-Sahara Africa. | 5 | |
| 100071001 | Ibn Batuta | Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records. | 6 | |
| 100071002 | Muhammad The Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire, Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century. | 7 | |
| 100071003 | Suddinc states | Kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region based at Takrur on the Senegal River to the West of Gao on the Niger River to the East; included Mali and Songhay. | 8 | |
| 100071004 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) | 9 | |
| 100071005 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali, located just off flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River. It has a population of 50,000, contained a library and university. | 10 | |
| 100071006 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali, dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao, reached imperial status under Sunni Ali. | 11 | |
| 100071007 | Yoruba | City state developed in Northern Nigeria c. 1200 c.e; Ile-Ife featured artistic style possibly related to earlier Nok culture; agricultural societies supported by peasentry and dominated by ruling family and aristocracy. | 12 | |
| 100071008 | Benin | Powerful city-state which came into contact with the Portugese in 1985, but remained relatively free of European influence and was an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. | 13 | |
| 100071009 | Kongo | agricultural kingdom; formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century, capital at Mbanza Kongo, ruled by hereditary monarchy. | 14 | |
| 100071010 | Great Zimbabwe | Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. Developed after 9th century and featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by the 15th century, king took title of Mwene Mutapa | 15 |
