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| 5754189632 | "Golden Age" of Chinese Achievement | Includes Sui, Tang and Song dynasty and is the reunification with achievements in government, arts, education, and the reintroduction of confucianism. | 0 | |
| 5754189633 | Sui Dynasty | 581-618 CE In 581, the Dynasty began when a member of the ruling clan of Northern Zhou killed about 60 of his brothers and relatives and made himself the emperor of his kingdom. He was called Emperor Wen. He wanted to strengthen his empire, so he gained the support of Confucian bureaucrats and expanded his army. There was a lot of discontent about the loss of life, the forced labor, and the heavy taxes. Various leaders led rebellions. Emperor Yang was assassinated in 618 by his advisers. | 1 | |
| 5754189634 | Tang Dynasty | 618 to 907 CE An imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Tang Dynasty was created after the fall of a ruthless leadership. And like the Han before them, the Tang dynasty had their own powerful leader, Emperor Tai-tsung. | 2 | |
| 5754189669 | Five dynasties | The period of the five dynasties lasted for only 53 years, from 907 AD to 960 AD. The Five Dynasties comprised a string of dynasties in northern China that succeeded one another from 907 AD to 960 AD. The Five Dynasties are the Later Liang Dynasty, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty, and Later Zhou Dynasty. After the death of the Later Zhou emperor and the forced resignation of his son, the Song dynasty came into power. | 3 | |
| 5754189635 | Song Dynasty | 960-1279 Consisted of the Northern Song (960-1127) and the Southern Song (1127-1279). With a prosperous economy and radiant culture, this period was considered as another period of 'golden age' after the glorious Tang Dynasty (618 - 907). Succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, coincided with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties, and was followed by the Yuan dynasty. Leader slowly reconquered all of China. First he defeated the empire Chu, then Shu in Szechuan, next south China and in the 970s the other small empires. Thus unification was completed in 979 AD, with the conquer of the northern Han empire. China became a world leader in science and technology and also inventions such as typography and compass were made. Never matched the Tang dynasty in terms of political or military strength Song rulers promoted the interests of the Shi (scholar-gentry) over the interests of their aristocratic and Buddhist rivals Civil Service Exams were regularized- Best candidate got the job | 4 | |
| 5754189636 | Six ministries of the Tang dynasty | Personnel, finance, rites, army, justice, pubic works | 5 | |
| 5754189637 | Examination system | Revival of exam system during Tang/Song dynasties. Made more elaborate, with schools and colleges to help prepare students for exams. Became central to upper-class life. | 6 | |
| 5754189638 | Bureaucratic officals | Were supposed to chosen based on exams and merit, but still favored the upper-class. | 7 | |
| 5754189639 | "economic revolution" of Song dynasty | Included a rapid population growth which doubled to 120 million, adoption of agricultural advancements included fast growing rice, urbanization, immense network of waterways, increase in iron works, printing of books, shipbuilding, and gunpowder. Highly commercialized society producing goods for market sale rather than local needs. Used paper money and promissory notes. | 8 | |
| 5754189640 | Repression of women in Song dynasty | The new interest in confucianism and rapid economic growth increased the repression of women. Confucianism states that women are secondary to men. Men are warriors and scholars, women are docile and delicate, meant to be at home. Foot binding kept women at home and represented small size, frailty, and deference. Women lost textile work as it became more commercialized. More women became consorts, courtesans, and prostitutes - which set wives against other women for power of the home. | 9 | |
| 5754189641 | Increases of power for women in Song dynasty | Gained control of own dowries, could inherit property, and education was more available. Also found work in urban environments as selling of fish/produce, dressmakers, maids, and cooks. | 10 | |
| 5754189642 | Northern nomads | pastoral people of the steppes of China that were great horsemen. Invaded repeatedly the northern regions of China, occasionally ruling the areas. Traded with China for grain and luxury goods like silk. Could not practice Chinese style agriculture due to environmental conditions of where they lived. Controlled large parts of silk road. | 11 | |
| 5754189643 | "middle kingdom" | Chinese though that they were the center of the world, more sophisticated and civilized than any other group, especially the nomads which were like beasts and needed civilization. | 12 | |
| 5754189644 | Tribute System | A set of practices that required non-Chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority and their own subordinate status in a Chinese-centered world order in order to trade. Foreigners would have to perform kowtow (ritual bowing) and present tribute. In return for their submission, the emperor would gift them with items worth more. System worked as many were willing to do so to gain access to China's goods and power. | 13 | |
| 5754189645 | Tribute System in Practice | In many cases, the Chinese would reverse the tribute process in response to repeated nomadic invasions or two help from the nomadic people. In these cases, Chinese would give huge tributes to the nomadic people of silk, grain, and marriages to princesses. | 14 | |
| 5754189646 | Xiongnu people | Nomadic people. Repeatedly invaded northern China during Han dynasty and emperor agreed to marriage of princess and huge annual gifts of grain, wine and silk to ensure the stop of invasions. | 15 | |
| 5754189647 | Uighurs | Nomadic people during Tang dynasty that reduced Tang dynasty from internal revolts during 750 CE. Chinese gave gifts of princesses and trade of high quality silk for low quality horses. | 16 | |
| 5754189648 | Khitan | Nomadic people who conquered and governed parts of northern China after the fall of the Han dynasty | 17 | |
| 5754189649 | Jin or Jurchen | Nomadic people who conquered and governed parts of northern China after the fall of the Tang dynasty. | 18 | |
| 5754189650 | Exchange of culture from China to Nomads | Very little of Chinese culture made its way into Nomad culture except along boarders. Some would use Chinese style governments and learning. Jerchens used Chinese language, took Chinese wives and husbands, and practiced Buddhism and Daoism. | 19 | |
| 5754189651 | Exchange of culture from Nomads to China | Leaders of Sui and Tang dynasties were mixed nomad and Chinese ancestry. Elite of north would adopt and embrace "western" of music, food, dancing, clothes and games. This was viewed distasteful by southern elites. | 20 | |
| 5754189652 | Korea Politics | Briefly controlled by China in Han Dynasty, which brought Chinese politics. Referred to rulers of Korean states as Wang (king in Chinese) and would fight each other sometimes making alliances with China. Maintained political independence, but adopted much Chinese methods such as tribute system, court life, and administrative systems Chinese culture was mainly absorbed by elites and didn't penetrate Korea' peasants or slave populations | 21 | |
| 5754189653 | Korean Women | The borrowing of Chinese confucianism has a deeply negative effect on women. Korean women were initially able to have "free choice" in marriage, sing and dance, and lived with wife's parents after marriage, and husband was buried with wife's family. With confucianism, especially among the elite, this was changed for the Chinese and confucian views of women roles as secondary to men. | 22 | |
| 5754189654 | Korean Language | Chinese was spoken amount elite males, but later hangul developed, the written Korean language. | 23 | |
| 5754189655 | Silla, Karyo, and Yi | Korean dynasties which participated in Chinese tribute systems, but maintain independence, not being absorbed by Chinese culture and government. Silly wanted to be much like Tang dynasty, but independent. | 24 | |
| 5754189656 | Vietnam Politics | Northern Red River Valley was controlled by China from 111 to 939 CE, which more strongly established a greater influence of Chinese ways than Korea or Japan. China wanted to completely absorb Vietnam making them "Chinese" and viewed them as "southern barbarians." Adopted Confucian, Daoism, and Buddhism, administrative techniques, examination system, artistic and literary styles. Chinese was the spoken language of business. When Tang dynasty weakened a large rebellion allowed Vietnam to be separate state. | 25 | |
| 5754189657 | Vietnam Culture | For elites, the culture was distinctly Chinese. Schooled in Confucian thought, Chinese clothing and dress was mandatory. Developed distinctive language and writing (Chu nom), fondness for cockfighting, and chewing betel nuts - all vietnam traits. | 26 | |
| 5754189658 | Vietnam Women | Like Korea, vietnam women had choice in marriage, widows could remarry, and couples could live in household of wife's family. Women maintained a greater role in social and economic life than Chinese women. Some rebellions led by woman against Chinese-adopting elite in vietnam. | 27 | |
| 5754189659 | Japan Politics | Japan was island state separated by water and never conquered by China. They were able to borrow the parts of Chinese government that they liked while maintaining their own culture. Adopted the Confucian way moral quality of leaders and social harmony. Adopted court rituals, Chinese calendar, law codes, and taxation. Cities modeled on Chinese cities. In 10th century - deliberate efforts to absorb Chinese culture stopped as did tributes. | 28 | |
| 5754189660 | Shotoku Taishi | A Japanese leader who went to China to learn about their forms of government to bring back to Japan. Issued Seventeen Article Constitution which placed the Japanese emperor as a Chinese style emperor and established Buddhism and Confucianism. | 29 | |
| 5754189661 | Samurai | Political power became decentralized, creating local authorities with own military forces - this was the samurai warrior class. Had a distinctive set of values, skilled martial arts, loyalty, bravery, honor and a preference for death over surrender - called bushido (way of the warrior). This contrasted sharply with Chinese values of intellectual achievement and carrying arms was a disgrace. | 30 | |
| 5754189662 | Japanese Religion | Buddhism took form, but did not replace native beliefs and practices which focused on kami, sacred spirits associated with human ancestors. | 31 | |
| 5754189663 | Tanka | Japanese writing system | 32 | |
| 5754189664 | Japanese Women | Largely escaped the most oppressive features of Chinese culture. Allowed remarriage Inherit property married couples lived apart in wife's home. Marriages made and broken easily Rise of warrior culture had negative influence on women's rights. Alliances no longer due to arranged marriages, but through warriors loyalty to lords. | 33 | |
| 5754189665 | China's impact on Eurasia | Diffusion of technology such as printing press, paper making, gunpowder spread based on local needs. In fact, as this technology spread, it caused further technology in other countries. Such as gunpowder to europe where competition state had more use of it and developed better weapons to use it (cannons) which returned to China. Stimulated commercial life and market-based behavior. | 34 | |
| 5754189666 | What China got from others | Agricultural needs - drought-resistant and fast growing rice from Vietnam and cotton and sugar from India. Increased cultural diversity in coastal areas due to ocean trade routes - made cities very cosmopolitan but also had revolts | 35 | |
| 5754189667 | China and Buddhism | Early it came in the northern regions from the Silk Road Only large-scale cultural borrowing in Chinese history other than Marxism in 20th century (communism). Stability of Han dynasty prevented early spread Buddhism commitment to solitary and monastic life went against Confucian and Chinese idea centered around family. Between 300 and 800 CE Buddhism took root, when Nomadic rulers came in after collapse of Han. Monasteries provided social services - refuge, charity, education, health care, etc. State support during Sui and Tang dynasties Lost support during Song dynasty due to conflicts with Confucianism and belief that it was a foreign religion. Imperial decrees between 841 and 845 forced monks into normal life and destroyed monasteries. | 36 | |
| 5754189668 | Buddhism form in China | Mostly Mahayana. Incorporated Daoist terms and Confucian terms. Dharma changed into dao. Buddhist term for morality translated more closely with Confucian term for filial submissions and obedience. Buddhist idea that husband supports wife translated into Confucian idea that husband controls wife. | 37 | |
| 5755498686 | Sui Wendi | Nobility Supported by nomadic military leaders 589 C.E., Defeated the Chen kingdom in the south and established the Sui Dynasty Unified China under the Sui dynasty, Lowered taxes, Established granaries, Cheap and Stable food Supply | 38 | |
| 5755518351 | Sui Yangdi | Murdered father (Wendi) Strengthened the empire with conquest and victories over nomads Legal/Education Reforms; Scholar-Gentry brought back into administration Built a series of canals to link the empire. The grand canal tied northern and southern China together. All of this was very expensive Assassinated in 618 after military defeats and over taxation of the people. The Sui Dynasty collapsed. | 39 | |
| 5755610342 | Imperial Unity | Term used to refer to things or people that are or were connected with an empire | 40 | |
| 5755612833 | Bureaucracy | A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. | 41 | |
| 5755632287 | Empress Wu | The only female in Chinese history to rule an empire (Tang). Reduced the army's size and stopped the influence of aristocratic military men on government by replacing them with scholars | 42 | |
| 5755665575 | Scholar Gentry | Civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. | 43 | |
| 5755678499 | Silk Road | 5,000 mile long road that connected China to the Middle East and the Mediterranean | 44 | |
| 5755684326 | Emperor Xuanzong | (713-756) Initially advanced political and economic reform. Later he turned to patronizing the arts and the pleasures of the imperial city. Helped sprad Chinese culture to neighbors such as Japan and Korea. | 45 | |
| 5755692713 | Yang Guifei | Harem girl that used her influence to gain influence over the imperial court and gained relatives important positions in the governemnt | 46 | |
| 5755695631 | Tang Revolt | A serious revolt occurred in 755. The rebels were defeated, however this revolt severely weakened future Tang rulers Nomadic frontier peoples and regional governors used the disorder to gain virtual independence. Worsening economic conditions in the 9th century led to more revolts. Declining Tang Dynasty led to decentralization. Largest state was the Song. | 47 | |
| 5755710361 | Mongols | Conquered the Song in the 1270's. | 48 | |
| 5755725267 | Neo-Confucianism | Neo-Confucians believed that the cultivation of personal morality was the highest human Important unifying factor Reinforced cultural tendency toward hierarchy and obedience Put a premium on education and cultured behavior Hostility to foreign thought prevented the entry | 49 | |
| 5755769488 | Wang Anshi | Part of the Song Dynasty, he was a Chinese economist, statesman, chancellor and poet of the Song Dynasty who attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms known as the New Policies. | 50 |
