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| 251813959 | Joan of Arc | French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king | 0 | |
| 251813960 | Charlemagne | king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor | 1 | |
| 251813961 | Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights | 2 | |
| 251813962 | Chivilry | noun; a medieval code of knighthood, a code of honor and courtesy | 3 | |
| 251813963 | Theodora | the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. | 4 | |
| 251813964 | Constantinople | The capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire | 5 | |
| 251813965 | Gothic | a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries | 6 | |
| 251813966 | Guilds | An association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards. | 7 | |
| 251813967 | Hanseatic League | a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas | 8 | |
| 251813968 | William The Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England | 9 | |
| 251813969 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408) | 10 | |
| 251813970 | Justinian | the Byzantine Emperor who developed Justinian's code, built the Hagia Sophia, walls, and the Hippodrome | 11 | |
| 251813971 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 12 | |
| 251813972 | Rurik | The first Russian ruler | 13 | |
| 251813973 | Lake Titicaca | The lake between Bolivia and Peru; highest lake in the world on which ships can travel. | 14 | |
| 251813974 | Cyrillic | an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages | 15 | |
| 251813975 | Black Death | the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe | 16 | |
| 251813976 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople | 17 | |
| 251813977 | Lake Texcoco | Lake where the capital city of the ancient Aztecs Tenochtitlan was built | 18 | |
| 251813978 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301) | 19 | |
| 251813979 | Aztecs | Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305) | 20 | |
| 251813980 | Incas | people of a powerful South American empire during the 1400s and 1500s | 21 | |
| 251813981 | Roman Empire | an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire | 22 | |
| 251813982 | Tribute System | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 23 | |
| 251813983 | Calpulli | Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 24 | |
| 251813984 | Khipu | System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. (p. 312) | 25 | |
| 251813985 | Tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 26 | |
| 251813986 | Tiwanaku | Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). (p. 315) | 27 | |
| 251813987 | Chiefdom | Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. | 28 | |
| 251813988 | wari | Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. (p. 314) | 29 | |
| 251813989 | Mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312) | 30 | |
| 251813990 | Ayllu | in Incan society, a small community or family group whose members worked together for the common good of the peoples. | 31 | |
| 251813991 | Moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313) | 32 | |
| 251813992 | Anasazi | Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308) | 33 | |
| 251813993 | Maya | a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy | 34 | |
| 251813994 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | 35 | |
| 251813995 | Manorialism | Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land. | 36 | |
| 251813996 | clovis | king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy | 37 | |
| 251813997 | carolingians | the family that ruled the Franks in Gaul from 751 to 987 in the Carolingian Dynasty. This began when Pepin was declared king. They lost power after the Treaty of Verdun. | 38 | |
| 251813998 | Charles Martel | the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him. | 39 | |
| 251813999 | Holy Roman Emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. | 40 | |
| 251814000 | Fuedalism | a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land | 41 | |
| 251814001 | Vassals | lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity | 42 | |
| 251814002 | Capetians | French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy. | 43 | |
| 251814003 | Pope Urban II | pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims | 44 | |
| 251814004 | St. Clare of Assisi | 13th-century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church. | 45 | |
| 251814005 | Gregory VII | the pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Church and the supremacy of the Church over the state (1020-1085) | 46 | |
| 251814006 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of god. | 47 | |
| 251814007 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic. | 48 | |
| 251814008 | Kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. | 49 | |
| 251814009 | Balkan | Peninsula located in south-eastern Europe, including Macedonia and Greece, plus what became Bugaria;controlled by the Byzantine Empire. | 50 |
