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| 7573997596 | Abbasid caliphate | caliphs dynasty ruled an increasingly fragmented Islamic state (750-1258), eventually became little more than figureheads. | 1 | |
| 7574004290 | Al Andalus | "the land of the Vandals" (Arabic name for Spain ) most conquered by Arab and Berber forces early 8th century C.E. | 2 | |
| 7574012846 | Anatolia | Ancient name of Asia Minor, part of Byzantine Empire gradually overrun by Turks and now Republic of Turkey | 3 | |
| 7574016750 | Battle of Talas River | Arab victory over Chinese (751 C.E) checked Chinese expansion to west and enabled conversion of Central Asia to Islam. | 4 | |
| 7574053348 | Bedouins | Nomadic Arabs | 5 | |
| 7574056272 | Dhimmis | "Protected subjects" under Islamic rule, non-Muslims alloweded to practice their faith as "people of the book" in return for paying special taxes. | 6 | |
| 7574059260 | Al Al Ghazali | Great Muslim theologian, legal scholar, and Sufi mystic (1058-1111) who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought. | 7 | |
| 7574065654 | Hadiths | Traditions passed on about sayings or actions of Muhammad and his immediate followers; hadiths rank second only to Quran as source of Islamic law. | 8 | |
| 7574071044 | Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca enjoined on every Muslim able to make journey; one of the Five Pillars of Islam | 9 | |
| 7574074584 | Hijra | "flight" of Muhammad and his original seventy followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later Medina) in 622 C.E.; journey marks the starting point of the Islamic calendar. | 10 | |
| 7574123864 | House of Wisdom | Academic center for research and translation of foreign texts established in Baghdad (830 C.E.) by Abbasid caliph al-Mamun. | 11 | |
| 7574131783 | Ibn Battuta | 14th century Arab traveler (1304-1368) wrote about his extensive journeys throughout the Islamic world. | 12 | |
| 7574133677 | Ibn Sina | One of greatest polymaths Islamic world (980-1037), Persian wrote on scientific (especially medical) & philosophical issues; known as "Avicenna," Latinized form of his name. | 13 | |
| 7574137467 | Imams | leaders with high religious authority; twelve imams of early Shia Islam were Muhammad's nephew Ali and his descendants. Shia Islam | 14 | |
| 7574139786 | Jihad | "struggle," term describes both spiritual striving of each Muslim toward a godly life and armed struggle against forces of unbelief and evil. | 15 | |
| 7574145023 | Jizya | Special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion. | 16 | |
| 7574151837 | Kaaba | Great stone shrine in Mecca major pilgrimage center for worshippers of many different deities before reconsecrated to monotheistic use by Muhammad. | 17 | |
| 7574162812 | Mecca | Key pilgrimage center in Arabia that became the birthplace of Islam. | 18 | |
| 7574172322 | Mozarabs | "Would-be Arabs" in Muslim-ruled Spain, refers to Christians who adopted much of Arabic culture & observed many Muslim practices without actually converting to Islam. | 19 | |
| 7574172323 | Muhammad Ibn Abdullah | The Prophet of Islam (570-632 C.E.). | 20 | |
| 7574177507 | Muslim | "one who submits" name adopted by Muhammad and his followers to describe their submission to God. | 21 | |
| 7574183629 | Pillars of Islam | Five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible). | 22 | |
| 7574190813 | Marco Polo | Most famous European traveler of the Middle Ages (1254-1324), whose travel account of his time in China was widely popular in Europe. | 23 | |
| 7574194240 | Rightly Guided Caliphs | First four rulers of Islamic world (632-661) after death of Muhammad. | 24 | |
| 7574198183 | Quran | most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad. | 25 | |
| 7574204157 | Sharia | Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life. | 26 | |
| 7574205976 | Shaykhs | Sufi teachers attracted a circle of disciples and founded individual schools of Sufism. | 27 | |
| 7574218330 | Sikhism | Significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism; founded by Guru Nanak | 28 | |
| 7574221758 | Sufis | Islamic mystics, many important missionaries of Islam in conquered lands and who were revered as saints. | 29 | |
| 7574228074 | Sultanate of Delhi | Major Turkic Muslim state established in northern India in 1206. | 30 | |
| 7574231110 | Timbuktu | Great city of West Africa, center of Islamic scholarship 14th - 16th | 31 | |
| 7574234741 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars. | 32 | |
| 7574238730 | Umayyad caliphate | Family of caliphs who ruled Islamic world from 661 to 750 C.E. | 33 | |
| 7574240571 | Umma | Community of all believers in Islam. | 34 |
