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| 8927546751 | Simón Bolívar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. 23.657 | 0 | |
| 8927549955 | Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla | Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. 23.658 | 1 | |
| 8927553129 | José María Morelos | Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican inde- pendence until he was captured and executed in 1815. 23.660 | 2 | |
| 8927557225 | Confederation of 1867 | Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation. 23.662 | 3 | |
| 8927586417 | Personalist Leaders | Politi- cal leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitu- tions and laws. Nineteenth- century examples include José Antonio Páez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the United States. Twentieth-century examples include Getulio Vargas of Brazil and Juan Perón of Argentina. 23.664 | 4 | |
| 8927589929 | Andrew Jackson | First president of the United States to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. He had a successful political career as judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied the presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was reelected in 1832. 23.665 | 5 | |
| 8927593806 | José Antonio Páez | Venezuelan soldier who led Simón Bolívar's cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. Unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of Bolívar's government in distant Bogotá, he declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia in 1829. 23.665 | 6 | |
| 8927596471 | Benito Juárez | President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a French invasion in 1862 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor. 23.668 | 7 | |
| 8927617567 | Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in War of 1812 and died in battle. 23.668 | 8 | |
| 8927617568 | Caste War | A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847 that nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories, where they held out until 1901. 23.670 | 9 | |
| 8927620139 | Abolitionists | Menand women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865). 23.671 | 10 | |
| 8928846129 | Acculturation | The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants. 23.675 | 11 | |
| 8928846132 | Women's Rights Convention | An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. They met at Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss women's rights. 23.675 | 12 | |
| 8928848561 | Development | In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education. 23.678 | 13 | |
| 8928850720 | Underdevelopment | The condition experienced by econo- mies that depend on colonial forms of production such as the export of raw materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education. 23.678 | 14 |
