notes from textbook chapters 1-3
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| 940576941 | -8000-2000 BCE- Neolithic (New Stone Age); earliest agriculture -300-2350 BCE- Early Dynastic (Sumerian) -2350-2230 BCE- Akkadian (Semitic) -2112-2004 BCE- Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian) -1900-1600 BCE- Old Babylonian (Semitic) -1500-1150 BCE- Kassite | Mesopotamia chronology of events | 0 | |
| 940576942 | -Syria and Anatolia (Turkey) -home to a complex civilization that developed in plain of Tigris and Euphrates in 4th Mil BCE -Sumerians were the earliest known people to live in Mesopotamia -they were later taken over by the Semitic people who dominated the region -temples of gods which were the earliest centers of power became subordinate to the kings -city states were initially independent but then were united over various empires -society was divided into 3 classes-free landowners and professionals , dependent peasants and artisans and slaves -feared of gods who controlled nature -cuneiform was used in languages -technologies-metal, ceramics, transportation, engineering and sciences (math and astronomy) enabled them to meet environment challenges | Mesopotamia | 1 | |
| 940576943 | -3100-2575 BCE- Early Dynastic -2575-2134 BCE- Old Kingdom -2134-2040 BCE- First Intermediate Period -2040-1640 BCE- Middle Kingdom -1640-1532 BCE- Second Intermediate Period -1532-1070 BCE- New Kingdom | Egypt chronology of events | 2 | |
| 940576944 | -most of population lived along Nile or delta -well endowed with natural resources and largely self sufficient -king was essential link between people of Egypt and their gods -lavish resources were poured into construction of pyramids -Hieroglyphics used by administrators and literature -population was diverse, no formal system of classes -status and privileges of women were superior to Mesopotamian -obsessed with afterlife, used mummification to preserve dead bodies, constructed elaborate tombs, employed the book of dead to navigate a blessed final destination -acquired substantial knowledge about medicine, math, astronomy and engineering | Egypt | 3 | |
| 940576945 | -2600 BCE- Beginning of Indus Valley civilization -1900 BCE- End of Indus Valley civilization | Indus Valley chronology of events | 4 | |
| 940576946 | -Pakistan -occupied a large land, including the fertile Indus floodplain as well as adjacent regions -both the major urban centers and smaller settlements exhibit a uniformity of techniques and styles that indicate possible strong central control -people were technologically advanced in irrigation, ceramics, construction. metals were more available than in Mesopotamia and Egypt -writing is undeciphered -had widespread trading contacts, reaching Mesopotamia -after 1900 BCE- cities were abandoned and declined as a possible result of natural disasters and environmental changes | Indus Valley | 5 | |
| 940576947 | -MEI- insufficient rainfall for agriculture forced construction of canals, dams and dikes required formation of political centers that could organize the necessary labor force -EM-kingship emerged as political form -E-king's symbolic association with forces made him central to the welfare of the country and gave him religious authority over temples and priests, monarchs lavished wealth on their tombs -M-not as divine, dominated the religious instituitions, built new cities, towering walls, palaces religious edificies to show their power -M-Tigris Euphrates unpredictable flooding was violent, appease their gods to survive in the dangerous world -E-Nile was anticipated, flooding was predictable, believed that supernatural powers guaranteed orderliness and prosperity, | conclusion of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley | 6 | |
| 940576948 | -M-Gilgamesh is tormented by terrifying visions of the afterlife, disembodied spirits eating dust and clay -E-believed righteous spirit overcame them looked forward to a blessed existence -ME-populations were different but new immigrants assimilated to the language, life, beliefs -M-Code of Hammurabi- different penalties based on classes, women loss freedom in 2 Mil BCE -E-society was less stratified and less urban, women were more respected in art -I- less evidence but they are similar to ME, bronze, irrigation, writing, monuments , easy communication however collapsed | conclusion of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley | 7 | |
| 940576949 | -8000-2000 BCE-Neolithic cultures -2000 BCE-Bronze metallurgy 1750-1045 BCE- Shang Dynasty -1045-221 BCE- Zhou Dynasty -600 BCE-Iron metallurgy -551-479 BCE- Life of Confucious -356-338 BCE- Lord Shang brings Legalist reforms to Qin | China chronology | 8 | |
| 940576950 | -challenges in engaging in agriculture led to formation of complex hierachial societies -Shang and Zhou rulers developed religious ideas (oracle bone divination, Mandate of Heaven) that justified the monarchic systems of govt -feudal organization of Zhou state led to the weakening of the monarch's authority and rise of independent states -rivalry and conflict in Zhou era led to rise of bureaucracies, administrative experts and more warfare -Zhou era had the rise of Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism -yin and yang showed male and females though men were dominant in family and Confucianism reduced women's rights and staus | China | 9 | |
| 940576951 | -4500 BCE-Early agriculture in Nubia -2200 BCE- Harkuf's expeditions to Yam -1750 BCE- Rise if Kingdom of Kush in Kerma -1500 BCE- Egyptian conquest of Nubia -1000 BCE- decline of Egyptian control in Nubia -750 BCE- Rise of kingdom based in Napata -712-660 BCE-Nubian kings rule Egypt -300 BCE-359 CE- Kingdom of Meroe | Nubia chronology | 10 | |
| 940576952 | -stretch of Nile in Egypt, Sudan -Nubia's wealth and location on the trade route between Egypt and Sub Saharan Africa and Egypt's hunger for Nubian gold resulted in the early rise of complex civilization -Nubian culture was influenced by Egyptians from Egyptian domination and when Nubians controlled Egypt -Meroitic period- Nubia came under stronger cultural influences from Sub Saharan Africa -Meroe- large and impressive with monument palaces, temples, boulevards, controlled agriculture and trade was center of metallurgy -collapse in 4th C CE was due to shifting trade routes and attacks by desert nomads | Nubia | 11 | |
| 940576953 | -1000 BCE-Origin of Celtic culture in Central Europe -500 BCE- Celtic elite trades for Mediterranean goods -500-300 BCE0 Migrations across Europe -390 BCE- Celts sack Rome | Celtic Europe chronology | 12 | |
| 940576954 | -Spain, Italy and Greece -500 BCE-Celtics from Central Europe spread across continental Europe -evidence of what we know comes from arch discoveries and written reports from Greek and Romans who say they were fond of war -lived in small kinship (tribal) groups that were dominated by warrior elites, hill forts served as places of assembly and refuges -worshiped many gods in natural settings -druids, a priestly class in Gaul (France) and Britain , played a major role in religion, education and intertribal legal matters -Roman's conquest of Celtic lands followed by German invasions pushed Celtic language and culture to the Western edge of Europe | Celtics | 13 | |
| 940576955 | -3500 BCE- Early agriculture in Mesoamerica and Andes -2600 BCE- rise of Caral -1200-900 BCE- Rise of Olmec civilization, centered on San Lorenzo -900-600 BCE- La Venta, the dominant Olmec center -900-250 BCE- Chavin civilization in the Andes -600-400 BCE- Ascendancy of Tres Zapotes and Olmec decline -500 BCE-early metallurgy in Andes | Americas chronology | 14 | |
| 940576956 | -1000 BCE- domesticated plants, technolgoies and trade led to social stratification in MesoAmerica and the Andean regions of SA -Olmec and Chavin in Andes coordinated exchanges of goods between different ecological zones; their styles were widely used and persisted long afterward -ruling elites in urban centers did elaborate religious ceremonies, supervised the calendar and created writing -depended on llamas, only domesticated animals to transport goods -metallurgy originated in Andes and spread to MesoAmerica | Americas | 15 | |
| 940576957 | -China-flooding and lack of dependable rain led to formation of irrigation and dikes, and government -N-strong state was needed for protection from desert nomads from Egyptians who wanted Nubian gold -control of trade routes and resources made rulers of Napata, Meroe wealthy and powerful -Celtics- no strong state, had adaquete rain and fertile land, had kinship groups (tribes) dominated by elites, traded foods with Med then expanded and were incorporated with Romans -Americas- little known about Olmec and Chavin, created networks that brought together resources , ruling elites fathered wealth and organized labor for monuments | conclusion of CNCA- environment and organization | 16 | |
| 940576958 | -all use religion to boost elite power -China- Shang use ancestors and gods, oracle bones deliver information to ruler and kingdom -Zhou-developed Son of Heaven and Mandate of Heaven -N-influenced by Egypt, built temples and pyramid tombs like Egyptians, used Egyptians gods, beliefs and rituals -Americas- Olmec and Chavin urban centers were sites of ritual displays that reinforced authority of elite -Olmec- shamans attached made contact with gods with elite, organized religious life and directed planning of ceremonial centers with starts -Celtics- Druids had an elite class of priests that performed religious, legal, education functions, did not construct temples and ceremonial centers but worshiped hundreds of gods and goddesses -Americas- N to S axis less animals and plants -> slower development than Europe and Asia E to W axis | conclusion of CNCA- religion and power | 17 | |
| 940606790 | -2000 BCE- Horses in use -1700-1200 BCE- Hittites dominant in Anatolia -1500 BCE- Hittites develop iron metallurgy -1460 BCE- Kassites assume control of S. Mesopotamia -1200 BCE-destruction of Hittite kingdom -1000 BCE- Iron metallurgy begins -911 BCE0 Rise of NeoAssyrian Empire -744-727 BCE- Reforms of Tiglathpileser -668-627 BCE0 Reign of Ashurbanipal -626-539 BCE0 NeoBabylonian kingdom -612 BCE- Fall of Assyria | W. Asia chronology | 18 | |
| 941254188 | -Late Bronze Age-trade and diplomatic contacts between states fostered the flow of goods and ideas, elite groups enjoyed similar lifestyles and a relatively high standard of living -immigrant groups that came to power in Babylonia (Kassites) and Egypt (Hyksos) assimilated to Babylonian and Egyptian language and culture -new peoples in W Asia who learned and improved on the technologies and culture of Mesopotamian civilization challenged the old core area -Hittites used the technologies of chariot warfare and iron metallurgy to dominate Anatolia -New kingdom Egypt abandoned traditional isolationism and extended control over Syria-Palestine and Nubia. The era was marked by the rulers who challenged tradition- Hatshepsut, Akhenaten and Ramesses -long distance trade networks were based on metals and expedited by the advent of horses and camels | W. Asia | 19 | |
| 940606791 | -2040-1640 BCE- Middle Kingdom -1640-1532 BCE- Hyksos dominate N. Egypt -1532 BCE- Beginning of New Kingdom -1470 BCE- Queen Hatshepshut dispatches expedition to Punt -1353 BCE- Akhenaten launches reforms -1290-1224 BCE- Reign of Ramesss the Great -1200-1150 BCE- Sea Peoples attack Egypt -1070 BCE- End of New Kingdom -750 BCE- Kings of Kush control Egypt -671 BCE- Assyrian conquest of Egypt | Egypt chronology | 20 | |
| 941254189 | -Minoan civilization on island on Crete and the Mycenaean civilization of Greece was strongly influenced by the older centers in Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia yet they followed unique paths of cultural evolution -by 2000 BCE- Crete was home to the first European civilization with complex political and social structures and advanced technologies -sudden rise to wealth and power of Mycenae and other centers in mainland Greece ca 1600 was due to the influence of Minoan Crete and Mycenaeans' insertion into trade of networks -Linear B tablets reveal how the Mycenaean palaces exerted centralized control over economy, Hittite documents show the Mycenaeans to be aggressive and acquisitive -economic interdependence of Late Bronze Age states increased their vulnerability to attacks by migrating peoples ca 1200 BCE, the region descended into a centuries long Dark Age | Egypt | 21 | |
| 940606792 | -1800 BCE- Abraham migrates to Canan -1500 BCE- early alphabetic script developed at Ugarit -1250-1200 BCE- ISraelite occupation of canaan -1150 BCE- Philistines settle S. Israel -1000 BCE- Jerusalem made Israealite capital -969 BCE- Hiram of Type comes to power -960 BCe0 Solomon builds 1st temple -920 BCe- Division into two kingdoms of Israel and Judah -721 BCE- Assyrian conquest of N. kingdom -701 BCE- Assyrian humiliation of Tyre -587 BCE- capture of Jerusalem -515 BCE- Deportees from Babylon return to Jerusalem -450 BCE- Completion of Hebrew Bible; Hanno the Phoenician explores W. Africa | Syria Palestine chronology | 22 | |
| 941254190 | -Tough farmers in N Mesopotamia provided the foot soldiers for the rise of the Neo Assyrian Empire, which dominated western Asia from the late 10-7th C BCE -Ceaseless campaigns of conquest brought booty, tribute and taxes and control of international commerce and valuable resources -the all powerful Assyrian king, claiming the support of god Ashur, was at the center of government and the state religion -the Assyrians employed military might, propaganda and state terrorism to intimidate their subjects but they never developed an effective system of political control and frequently had to reconquer territory -ruthlessly funneled the wealth and resources of their subjects to the center, where the king and nobility grew rich, frequent mass deportations provided manpower to build royal cities and work the lands of the elite -assyrian scholars preserved and added to the long intellectual and scientific legacy of Mesopotamian civilization | Syria Palestine | 23 | |
| 940606793 | -2000 BCE- Rise of Minoan civilization on Crete, early Greeks arrive in Greece -1600 BCE- Rise of Mycenean civilization in Greece -1450 BCE- Destruction of Minoan palaces in Crete -1200-1150 BCE- Destruction of Mycenean centers in Greece -1000 BCE- Iron metallurgy -814 BCE- Foundation of Carthage -550-300 BCE- Rivalry of Carthaginians and Greeks in W. Mediterranean | Mediterranean chronology | 24 | |
| 941254191 | -because of strategic location, the small resource poor land of Israel has played an important role in world history -the history of ancient Israelites can be reconstructed by critically comparing information in the Hebrew Bible with archaelogical discoveries -early Israelites were nomadic pastoralists but eventually they settled down as farmers and herders of Canaan -as a result of their rivalry with coastal Philistines, the once loosely organized Israelite tribes untied under a monarchy with Jerusalem as the capital -Urbanization, wealth from trade, and the status of the Temple priesthood created divisions within Israelite society. fiery prophets railed against the greed and corruption of elite -following conquests by the assyrian empire and neo babylonian kingdom, many israelites were taken from their homeland. diaspora communities created new institutions, a distinct way of life and a strong Jewish identity | Israel | 25 | |
| 941254192 | -following the upheavels 1200 BCE-Canaanite communities on the coast of Lebanon adopted the city state political reform and turned to seaborn commerce and new kings of manufacture for their survival -in the 10th C BCE- Tyre located on a practically offshore island and led by a king and merchant aristocracy became the dominant Phoenician state -A string of settlements in W Med formed a phoenician triangle which comprised of coasts of N Africa and Spain and islands off the coast of Italy -Carthage, founded in Tunisia before 800 BCE, led the coalition of Phoenician communities in the western Med -Carthaginian power rested on its navy, which enforced a Carthaginian commercial monopoly in the W Med. For land warfare, relied on mercernaries from most warlike peoples in the region under the command of Carthaginian officers -religion which included the sacrifice of children in times of crisis was perceived as different and despicable by their greek and roman rivals | Phoenicia | 26 | |
| 940620561 | -ME- Sumerians Semites adopted language, culture, traditions, beliefs -E- Hyksos- controlled Egypt for a time, adopted ancient ways of Egypt, founders of New Kingdom reinstituited united monarchy -MED-Minoans and Myceneans in Aegean borrowed from Mesopotamia and Egypt -ME and MED- Dark age lasted of isolation, decline, then resurgence of technologies and ideas, Assyrians rise -SP-Israelites come to Canaan, society grows more urban and economically stratified , had unique religion -MED-Phoneicans city states flourish, Tyre ruled and spread to W MED, Carthage was important city (ruled through naval supreriority) -ME- Assyrian Empire was the important factor, were very brutal, Medes and Chaldeans resisted the Assyrians and defeated them | conclusion of Asia, Egypt, Syria Palestine and Mediterranean (AESM) | 27 | |
| 941254193 | -extension of Assyrian power over the entire Middle East had enormous consequences for all the peoples of the region -costs of frequent military campaigns, the hatred of conquered peoples aroused by the Assyrian brutality and changes in ethnic composition of army and population of the homeland weakened the assyrian state -Neo babylonians and Medes of NW Iran launched a series of attacks on Assyrian homeland that destroyed the chief cities by 612 BCE and led to the depopulation of N. Mesopotamia -The Neo Babylonian Kingdom took over much of the Assyrian Empire territory and fostered a cultural renaissance | failure of Assyrians (the collapse) | 28 |
