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| 10556731154 | Herodotus | the first great Greek historian; wrote The Histories | 0 | |
| 10556740147 | Plato | a student of Socrates, opened the Academy; wrote dialogues and believed that "philosopher kings" should make decisions for the people | 1 | |
| 10556758337 | Aristotle | a student of Plato; wrote on a wide range of topics such as ethics, logic, and literature | 2 | |
| 10556768014 | Avestas | The religious book of Zoroastrians that contains a collection of sacred texts | 3 | |
| 10556778250 | Parthenon | a great temple in Athens that had been destroyed in war with Persia; rebuilt under Pericles' rule | 4 | |
| 10556783263 | Persepolis | the capital of the Achaemenid Empire | 5 | |
| 10556787181 | Socrates | a Greek thinker who emphasized continually asking questions | 6 | |
| 10556791061 | Empiricism | trusting what one learns from observation and evidence of the senses rather than emphasizing intuition or religious beliefs | 7 | |
| 10556795387 | Syncretic | combining ideas from different sources | 8 | |
| 10556796802 | Zoroastrianism | One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. | 9 | |
| 10556801521 | Qanat | A water management system that originated in Persia thousands of years ago. It provided water to people even in hilly, desert, hot, and arid areas (like Iran). | 10 | |
| 10556805571 | Cyrus the Great | led the Persians in 559BC to conquer lands from the Aegean Sea to India; rule ended in 529BC | 11 | |
| 10556813148 | Alexander the Great | Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. | 12 | |
| 10556814633 | Pericles | ruled over Athens in its Golden Age (461-429BC); rebuilt the Parthenon and reformed the government | 13 | |
| 10556816948 | Polis | Ancient Greek city-state | 14 | |
| 10556820271 | Monarchy | King (or queen) rules the state | 15 | |
| 10556822125 | Aristocracy | Nobles rule the state | 16 | |
| 10556824100 | Oligarchy | A few wealthy landowners and merchants rule | 17 | |
| 10556826474 | Tyrants | leaders who seized power with the people's support | 18 | |
| 10556828364 | Democracy | all citizens participate in government | 19 | |
| 10556832029 | Direct Democracy | a government in which all citizens can vote directly on laws and other issues in a large assembly | 20 | |
| 10556836426 | Representative Democracy | a government in which citizens elect leaders to represent them and give those leaders power to make laws and govern | 21 | |
| 10556838884 | Persian Wars | 5th-4th centuries BC; conflict between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire resulting from competition | 22 | |
| 10556845063 | Achaemenid Empire | Known as the Persian Empire, biggest empire at the time. Ruled by Cyrus the Great and grew to span 3 continents: Asia, Africa, and Europe. Known for innovations in postal systems, road systems, and the usage of an official language. Invaded by Alexander III and afterward collapsed. | 23 | |
| 10556852191 | Hellenist Period | Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 24 | |
| 10556856077 | Satraps | a ruler of a province who was responsible to the emperor, not to local leaders | 25 | |
| 10556861762 | Caravanserai | Combination inns and markets for people traveling the Royal Road by camel caravan | 26 | |
| 10556865414 | Royal Road | Spanned 1500 miles across the Persian Empire; built by Darius, encouraged trade | 27 | |
| 10556868754 | Republic | a work by Plato that describes an ideal society ruled by a government that rested upon a concept of justice and ethical values | 28 | |
| 10556878076 | Consuls | The two most important magistrates elected by Roman citizens to preside over the government and to save the commanders of armies in military campaigns | 29 | |
| 10556881189 | Twelve Tables | Roman laws that dealt with nearly every aspect of life to include business transactions, property boundaries, and penalties for crimes | 30 | |
| 10556894846 | Carthage | a city-state across the Mediterranean on the north coast of Africa | 31 | |
| 10556896207 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 B.C.E. | 32 | |
| 10556898269 | Legions | Large Roman armies | 33 | |
| 10556904346 | Latifundia | huge estates created by particians | 34 | |
| 10556907317 | Julius Caesar | A Roman politician, general, and author of Latin prose who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire | 35 | |
| 10556914232 | Pax Romana | Literally means "Roman peace," and refers to the time period from 27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. in the Roman Empire | 36 | |
| 10556920155 | Stirrup | Major technological advancement that made it easier for warriors to ride their horses | 37 | |
| 10556929198 | Patricians | wealthy landowners | 38 | |
| 10556937325 | Plebians | Included most Romans - the small farmers, tradespeople, craftsworkers, and common soldiers | 39 | |
| 10556944221 | Stoicism | a Roman philosophy which emphasized that earn to accept the will of the gods and remained detached from pleasure and pain | 40 | |
| 10556945966 | Jesus | The founder of Christianity | 41 | |
| 10556953014 | Peter | He was important in spreading the word of Christianity and ideas of Jesus. He knew Jesus and was one of his first followers and is regarded by the Catholic Church as the first pope. | 42 | |
| 10556956915 | Paul | He had a dramatic conversion to Christianity, probably never knew Jesus, and spread the gospel around the Mediterranean | 43 | |
| 10556964230 | Christianity | an emerging, distinct form of Judaism and eventually a separate religion altogether | 44 |
