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| 234998590 | Herodtus | greek historian | 0 | |
| 234998591 | Achaemendis | persian rulers are called this | 1 | |
| 234998592 | Cyrus | the son of a persian chieftain and a median princess, who unified the various persian tribes and overthrew the median monarch around 550 B.C.E. | 2 | |
| 234998593 | Darius I | when Cambyses died in 522 B.C.E a persian noble man distantly related to the royal family seized the throne. He extended persian control eastwards as far as the Indus Valley and westward into Europe | 3 | |
| 234998594 | Satrap | persian governer, who was often related or connected by marriage to the royal family | 4 | |
| 234998595 | Cambyses | (530-522 B.C.E) after cyrus died, his son set his sights on egypt, the last of the great ancient kingdoms of the middle east. He was a cruel and impious madmen, but some documents show him being practical | 5 | |
| 234998596 | persepolis | darius began building a ceremonial capital here (complex of palaces, reception halls, and buildings) | 6 | |
| 234998597 | Xerxes | Darius's son who completed the project at Persepolis | 7 | |
| 234998598 | Ahuramazda | he was a chief deity/ great god of the religion Zoroastrianism | 8 | |
| 234998599 | Zoroastrianism | orginated in ancient Iran that became the official religion of the Achaemendis. Singles around on a single benevolent deity, ahuramazda who engaged in a struggle iwth demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world | 9 | |
| 234998600 | dark age | when greece lapsed into an age (1150-800 B.C.E) after the destruction of the Mycenaean palace states. it was a time of depopulation, poverty, and backwardness that left few traces in archaeoligical record | 10 | |
| 234998601 | acropolis | hilltop place that offered refuge in an emergancy | 11 | |
| 234998602 | polis | (city state) consisted of an urban center and the rural territory it controlled | 12 | |
| 234998603 | agora | (gathering place) was an open area where citizens came together to ratify decisions of their leaders or to asemble with their weapns before military ventures | 13 | |
| 234998604 | hoplites | heavily armored infantry of the archaic and classical periods who fought in close-packed phalanx formation | 14 | |
| 234998605 | hellenes | term the greeks began to call themselves to distinguish themselves from barbaroi (barbarians) | 15 | |
| 234998606 | tyrant | person who seizzed control and held power in violation of the normal political traditions of the community-gained control | 16 | |
| 234998607 | homer | author of the illiad and the odyssey | 17 | |
| 234998608 | democracy | system of government in which all citizens (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, , privelages, and protections, as in greek city-state of athens in the fifth and fourth century B.C.E. | 18 | |
| 234998609 | sacrifice | the central ritual of greek religion, was performed at altars in front of the temples that the greeks built to be the gods' places of residence | 19 | |
| 234998610 | archilochus | a soldier and poet living in the first half of the seventh century B.C.E, who made a surprising admission which pokes fun at the heroic ideal that regarded dishonor as worse than death | 20 | |
| 234998611 | Xenophanes | in the sixth century, this man called into question the kind of gods that Homer had popularized | 21 | |
| 234998612 | Herodotus | heir to the technique of historia developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents and chronicled the wars between the greek city states and the persian empire, thus originating the western tradition of historical writing. | 22 | |
| 234998613 | Thucydides | fifth century B.C.E Athenian historian who remarked that in his day Sparta appeared to be little more thana large village and that no future observer of the ruins of the site would be able to guess its power. | 23 | |
| 234998614 | Pericles | aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised contruction of the Acropolis and prusued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponesian War. He formulated a stratgey of attrition but died from the plague early in the war | 24 | |
| 234998615 | Helots | state owned serfs | 25 | |
| 234998616 | Persian Wars | conflicts between greek city states and the persian empire, ranging from the ionian revolt (499-494 B.C.E) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon (490 B.C.E) and the defeat of Xerxes' massive invasion of Greece by the Spartan-led Hellenic Leagure (480-479 B.C.E) This first major setback for Persian arms launched the Greeks into their period of greatest culutral productivity. Herodotus chronicled these events in the first 'history' in the Western Tradition | 26 | |
| 234998617 | Eretria | a mainland state that had aided the Ionian rebels that was dispatced a force upon by Darius to punish them. | 27 | |
| 234998618 | Xerxes | Dariu's son and successor, who set out with a huge invasinary force consisting of the Persian Army, contingents from all the peoples of the empire, and a large fleet of ships drawn from maritime subjects. | 28 | |
| 234998619 | Trireme | a sleek fast vessel powered by 170 rowers which had become the premier warship | 29 | |
| 234998620 | socrates | (470-399 B.C.E) philosopher who was a sculptor by trade. He spent most of his time in the company of young men who enjoyed conversing with him and observing him deflate the pretnsions of those who thought themselves wise. | 30 | |
| 234998621 | Plato | Socrates' student (438-347 B.C.E.) who may represent the first truly literate generation that gained much knowledge from books and habitually wrote down their thoughts | 31 | |
| 234998622 | Aristotle | (384-322 B.C.E) the third of the great classical philosophers, came from stagira in the northern Aegean.After several decades of study at Plato's Academy, he was chosen by the King of Macdeonia, Philip II, who had a high regard for Greek culture, to tutor his son Alexander. | 32 | |
| 234998623 | Peloponnesian War | a protracted (431-404 B.C.E) and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. THe war was largely a consquence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of athenian errors and Persian financial support | 33 | |
| 234998624 | Phillip II | (359-336 B.C.E) transformed his previously backward kingdom of Macedonia into the premier military power in the greek world. He made a number of imporvements to the traditional hoplite formation. | 34 | |
| 234998625 | Alexander | (356-323 B.C.E) Philip II's son and heir, who crossed into Asia in 334 B.C.E, his avowed purpose was to exact revenge for Xerxes' invasion a century and half before. He defeated the Persian forced from King Darius III, He was the king of macedonia in northern greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.e he conquered the pErsian Empire, reached the INdus Valley, founded many Greek style cities, and spread greek culture across the midddle East. | 35 | |
| 234998626 | Ptolemies | the macedonian dynasty, descended from one of alexander the great's officers, that ruled egypt for three centuries (323-30 B.C.E) from their magnificant captial at Alexandria on the MEditerranean coast, the Ptolemies largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration | 36 | |
| 234998627 | Alexandira | city on the mideterranean coast of Egypt founded by alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum, acenter for leadeing scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. | 37 | |
| 234998628 | Republic | the period from 507-31 B.C.E during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 38 | |
| 234998629 | Senate | a council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the roman republic the senate effectively governed the roman state and the growing empire. under senate leadership, rome conquered an empire of unprecedented extent in the lands surrounding the mediterranean sea | 39 | |
| 234998630 | Tribunes | new officials, who were dran from the nonelite classes and wh could veto, or block actions of the assmbly or officials that threatened the interests of the lower orders | 40 | |
| 234998631 | pax deoreum | peace of the gods. the romans labored to maintain this. | 41 | |
| 234998632 | Gaius Julius Caesar | He led the conquest of the Celtic peoples of Gaul, mondern day France, Rome's most brillian general between 59-51 B.C.E led to Rome's first territorial acuisitions in Europle's heat land. | 42 | |
| 234998633 | Latifundia | broad estates or ranches | 43 | |
| 234998634 | principate | a term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries c.em based on the amibgous title princeps adopted by augustus to conceal his military dictatorship | 44 | |
| 234998635 | augustus | honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatoship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. After deating all rivelas between 31 B.C.E and 14 C.E he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire | 45 | |
| 234998636 | equites | in acnient italy, prosperous landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The roman eperors allied with this group to counter-balance the influence of old aristocracy and used the quites to staff imperial civil service | 46 | |
| 234998637 | pax romana | literally, roman peace, it connoted the stability and prosperity that Roman rule broughtto the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centiuries c.e The movement of people and trade goods along roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cultural practices, technologis, and religious ideas | 47 | |
| 234998638 | Romanization | the process by which the latin language and roman culture became dominant in the western provinces. indigenous peoples in the provinces often chose to romanize because of the polticial and economic advantages that it brough, as well as the allure of Roman success | 48 | |
| 234998639 | Jesus | a jew from Galilee in northern israel who sought to reform jewish beliefs and practice.s he was executed as a revolutinary by the Romans. Haled as the Messiah and son of God by his followers, he became the central figure in Christianity, a belief syste, that developed in the centuries after his death | 49 | |
| 234998640 | Paul | a jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he intally perecuted the followers of Jesus, but after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. Taking advantage of his Hellenized background and Roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establisihing churches. Finding his greatest success among pagans, or gentiles, he bagan the process by which christianity separated from Judaism. | 50 | |
| 235813569 | aqueduct | a conduit,either elevated or underground, that used gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization | 51 | |
| 235813570 | third century crisis | historians' term for the political, military, and economic turmoil that best the ROman EMpire during much of the third century C..E: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near destruction of long-distance commerce and the monetary economy. After 284 C.E Diocletian restored order by making fundamental changes | 52 | |
| 235813571 | Diocletian | came from one of the eastern european provinces most vulnerable to invasion. was a commoner by birth, he had arisen through the ranks of the army and gained power in 284. He ruled for more than 20 years. he implemented radical reforms that saved the ROman state by transforming it. to half inflation he issued an edict specifing the maximum prices for vfarious commodities and services. | 53 | |
| 235813572 | constantine | roman emperor (r.313-337). After reuniting the ROman Empire, he moved the capital to COnstantinople and made christianity a favored religion. | 54 | |
| 235813573 | Bosporus | a straight leading from the Mediterranean into the Black sea that had the imperial captial moved to it. | 55 | |
| 235813574 | Qin | a people and state in the Wei Valley of esatern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E) The Qin ruler, Shi Haungdi, standardiszed many features of Chinese society and ruthlessly marshaled subjects for military and construction projects, engendering hostility that led to the fall of his dynasty shorly after his death. The Qin framework was largely taken over by the succeeding Han Empire. | 56 | |
| 235813575 | Han | a term used to designate the ethnic Chinese people who orginiated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 202 B.C.E to 220 C.E | 57 | |
| 235813576 | SHi Huangdi | Founder of the short lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese EMpire (r.221-210 B.C.E) he is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states, standardization of practices, and forcible organization of labor for military and engineering tasks. His tomb, with its army of life size terracotta soldiers, has been pratially excavated. | 58 | |
| 235813577 | Li Si | the legalist prime minister in the Qin dynasty, who persuaded Shi Hangdi that the scholars were subverting the goals of the regime. | 59 | |
| 235813578 | Xiongnu | a confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest fronier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these barbarians as they called them, and finally succeeded in dispersing the Xiongnu in the first century C.E | 60 | |
| 235813579 | Gaozu | the throne name of Liu Bang, one rebel leaders who brought down the QIn and founded the Han Dynasty in 202 B.C..E | 61 | |
| 235813580 | Sima Qian | Chief astrologer for the Han Dynasty emperor Wu. He compposed a monumental history of China from its legendary origins to his own time and is regarded as the Chinese 'father of history' | 62 | |
| 235813581 | Chang'an | city in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Qin and early Han empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire | 63 | |
| 235813582 | Gentry | in china the class of prosperous families, next in weath below the rural aristocrats from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. Respected for their education and expertise, these officials became a privileged group and made the government more fficient and responsive than in the past. The term gentry also denotes the class of land holding families in England below the aristocracy. | 64 | |
| 235813583 | Wang Mang | an ambitious official who seized power wo broke the long sequence of Han rulers. his reign lasted from 9-23 C.E. he implemented major reforms to address serious economic problems and to cement his popularity with the common people. | 65 | |
| 235813584 | Bhagavad Gita | the most renowned indian sacred text, describes the tale of the legendary wariror Arjuna who rides out in his chairot to the open spae between two armies preparing for battle. | 66 | |
| 235813585 | monsoon | seasonal winds in the indian ocean caused by the differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling landmesses of Africa and Asia and the slowly changing ocean waters. The se strong and predictable winds hjave long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of INdia, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year. | 67 | |
| 235813586 | Vedas | early indian sacred knowledge, the literal meaning of the term, long preserved and communicateed orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. These religious texts, including the thousand poetic hymns to various deities contained in the Rig Veda, are our main source of information about the Vedic period (ca. 1500-500 B.C.E) | 68 | |
| 235813587 | Varna | category of social indentiy of great importance in indian history. varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class., the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. | 69 | |
| 235813588 | Brahmin | class of priests and scholars | 70 | |
| 235813589 | Kyshatria | class of warriors and officials | 71 | |
| 235813590 | Vaishya | class of merchants, artisans, and landowners | 72 | |
| 235813591 | Shudra | class of peasants and laborers | 73 | |
| 235813592 | Dasa | term that came to mean slave. the Shudra class orginally may have been reserved for these. | 74 | |
| 235813593 | Jati | regional groups of people who have a common occupational sphere and who marry, eat, and generally interact with other members of their group | 75 | |
| 235813594 | Moksha | the hindu concept of the spirit's liberation from the endless cycle of rebirths. there are various avenues-such as physical discipline, meditation, and acts of devotion to the gods-by which the spirit can distance itself from desire for the things of this work and be merged with the divine force that animates the universe | 76 | |
| 235813595 | Jainism | the belief system that Jina, the conqueror, had established. it emphasizied the holiness of the life force animating all living creatures, and strict non violence. | 77 | |
| 235813596 | Stupas | large eathen mounds symbolizing the universe | 78 | |
| 235813597 | Bodhisattvas | men and women who had achieved enlightenment and were on the threshold of nirvana but chose to be reborn into mortal bodies to help others along the path of salvation | 79 | |
| 235813598 | Avataras | another word for incarnations | 80 | |
| 235813599 | Puja | service to a the deity whichcan take the form of bathing, clothing, or feeding the statue | 81 | |
| 235813600 | Mauryan Empire | te first state to unify most of the INdian subcontinent. IT was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E and survived until 184 B.C.E From its capital at Patliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes on agriculture, iron mining, and control of trade routes | 82 | |
| 235813601 | Ashoka | third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r.273-232 B.C.E) He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving INdian writing | 83 | |
| 235813602 | Tamil kingdoms | the kingdoms of southern india, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Arya north. They produced epics, poetry, and performance arts. Elementsof Tamil religious beliefs were merged into the Hindu synthesis. | 84 | |
| 235813603 | Gupta Empire | a powerful indian state based, like its Mauryanpredecessor, on a capital at Patliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its presitge as a center of sophistricated culture | 85 | |
| 235813604 | sati | the ritual when a widow was expected to cremate herself on her husband's funeral pyre. | 86 | |
| 235813605 | Funan | an early complex society in southeast asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E it was centered in the rich rise-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus | 87 | |
| 235813606 | Silk Road | caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran | 88 | |
| 235813607 | Parthians | iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E-226 C.E. | 89 | |
| 235813608 | Stirrup | device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E | 90 | |
| 235813609 | Tuareg | people of the highlands in southern Algeria, Niger, and Mali | 91 | |
| 235813610 | Sahel | belt in south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic. | 92 | |
| 235813611 | Great traditions | Historians' term for a literate, well institutionalized complex of religious and social beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area | 93 | |
| 235813612 | small traditions | historians' term for a localized usually nonliterate,set of customs and beliefs adhered to by a single society, often in conjunction with a 'great tradition' | 94 | |
| 235813613 | bantu | collective name of a large group of sub-saharan african languages and of the peoples speaking these languages | 95 | |
| 235813614 | Amernia | one of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern anatolia and the western caucasus and occupied by speakers of te Amernian language. | 96 | |
| 235813615 | Ethiopia | east african high-land nation lying east of the Nile River | 97 | |
| 235813616 | Persians | Ethnic group that settled in what is now Iran. They were rivals for control of Mesopotamia with the Greeks, and later the Arabs. | 98 | |
| 235813617 | Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. | 99 |
