World Civilizations: the Global Experience
Terms : Hide Images
| 516175982 | Vikings | Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia | |
| 516175983 | Middle Ages | period in western European history between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance | |
| 516175984 | Manorialism | system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers | |
| 516175985 | Serfs | lived on sufficient agricultural estates; peasants | |
| 516175986 | moldboard | curved iron plate, used for a plow, developed 9th century; allowed deeper turning of soil | |
| 516175987 | three-field system | A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. | |
| 516175988 | Clovis | Germanic king, converted to christianity in 496 CE | |
| 516175989 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century. | |
| 516175990 | Charles Martel | Frankish monarch, deafeated Turks of Spain in the Battle of Tours 732 | |
| 516175991 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning | |
| 516175992 | Holy Roman emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany. | |
| 516175993 | Franks | group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis | |
| 516175994 | vassals | lesser lords, provided protection by greater lords | |
| 516175995 | William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England | |
| 516175996 | Ibn-Rushd | Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam | |
| 516175997 | Roger Bacon | (1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution. (studied optics) | |
| 516175998 | Black Death | The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe | |
| 516175999 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (larger Communities) | |
| 516176000 | vassals | Lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity | |
| 516176001 | Roman Catholic Church | This powerful religion exerted considerable control over European society during the Middle Ages. It prompted some to challenge its doctrines during the protestant Reformation where it began losing power. | |
| 516176002 | Battle of Tours | *see Charles Martel* 732, defeated muslims and stopped spread of Islam into Europe | |
| 516176003 | Augustine of Hippo | Early Christian church father and philosopher; his writings helped shape Christian doctrine for centuries | |
| 516176004 | Benedict of Nursia | Italian monk who as founder of the Benedictine order (c. 529) is considered the patriarch of Western monasticism. | |
| 516176005 | Cluny | City in east-central France which gave birth to monastic reform in 910. The first abbey began with twelve monks committed to renewing the rule of St. Benedict. | |
| 516176006 | Pope Gregory VII | Tried to purify the church and free it from interference by feudal lords | |
| 516176007 | Beowulf | first known writing in early English | |
| 516176008 | The Song of Roland | The first known writing in early French | |
| 516176009 | The Romance of the Rose | long poem in France; vivid sexual imagery; written by Villon, wrote in large secular terms, talked about death | |
| 516176010 | Ferdinand and Isabella | During 15th century, helped Spanish monarchs fuse together with their marraige | |
| 516176011 | First Crusade | Called for by Pope Urban II, 1095, to win back holy land, gave crusaders full forgiveness for their sins | |
| 516176012 | Third Crusade | end of 12th century, led to the death of the German emperor and the imprisonment of the English king, brief truce with Saladin that facilitated christian pilgrims' trips to Jerusalem | |
| 516176013 | Fourth Crusade | a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem | |
| 516176014 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | |
| 516176015 | Francis of Assisi | (Roman Catholic Church) an Italian and the Roman Catholic monk who founded the Franciscan order of friars (1181-1226) | |
| 516176016 | investiture | the ceremony of installing a new monarch | |
| 516176017 | Pope | the head of the Roman Catholic Church | |
| 516176018 | Hundred Years War | the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. | |
| 516176019 | Pope Urban II | called for the first Crusade in 1095 | |
| 516176020 | Magna Carta | This document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government. | |
| 516176021 | parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France | |
| 516176022 | Gothic | a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries, replaced Romanesque, buttresses | |
| 516176023 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | |
| 516176024 | Yes and No | Peter Abelard's book; issues or Biblical statements with theological resolutions not provided, 158 theological questions | |
| 516176025 | Bernard of Clairvaux | powerful monk who stressed the importance of a mystical union with God and believed reason was dangerous | |
| 516176026 | Raoul de Cambrai | A french knight pillaged a convent, raped the nuns and burned them alive. | |
| 516176027 | Geoffrey Chaucer | English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400) | |
| 516176028 | Romanesque | a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD characterized by round arches and vaults and by the substitution of piers for columns and profuse ornament and arcades | |
| 516176029 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408) | |
| 516176030 | Hanseatic League | organization of cities in northern Germany for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | |
| 516176031 | chivalry | a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle | |
| 516176032 | Thomas Aquinas | influential scholastic thinker (1225-1274) wrote Summa Theologica, recognized faith and reason as overlapping realms of knowledge | |
| 516176033 | Guilds | sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a city stressed security and guaranteed good workmanship | |
| 516176034 | three estates | The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders. | |
| 516176035 | Franks | group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis | |
| 516176036 | William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England in 1066 | |
| 516176037 | Belisarius | Byzantine general under Justinian I(briliant; helped gain N Africa and Italy | |
| 516176038 | Hagia Sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. (church) | |
| 516176039 | Greek fire | kind of napalm made by Byzantine empire, helped defeat Arab threat | |
| 516176040 | Bulgaria | Slavic kingdom in Northern portions of Balkan peninsula that presented a major challenfe to Byzantine Empire | |
| 516176041 | Ravenna | Italy, a key artistic center, with christian mosaics | |
| 516176042 | Hellenistic culture | Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire. | |
| 516176043 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. | |
| 516176044 | Balkans | Various peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline. | |
| 516176045 | Manzikert | Site in Anatolia where the Byzantines were devastated by Saljuq Turks. After this crippling blow, Byzantium never controlled Anatolia again. | |
| 516176046 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | |
| 516176047 | Tsar | The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar. (slavic) | |
| 516176048 | Basil II | emperor who led the Byzantines to their last period of greatness; nicknamed "Basil the Bulgur Slayer" | |
| 516176049 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians | |
| 516176050 | Theodora | the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. | |
| 516176051 | Huns | Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome | |
| 516176052 | Sassanian Empire | (227 - 651) Persian Empire which continued Persian traditions but instituted the Zoroastrian religion as the state religion. | |
| 516176053 | Procopius | Historian of the Byzantine Empire who in his Secret History revealed the cruelty of the autocratic system in which the emperor ruled by divine providence. | |
| 516176054 | Icons | paintings of saints and other religious figures | |
| 516176055 | Iconoclasm | The rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical; the doctrine of iconoclasts. | |
| 516176056 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic. | |
| 516176057 | Rurik | Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E. | |
| 516176058 | Vladmir I | Ruler of Russian Kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity | |
| 516176059 | Russian Orthodox | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments | |
| 516176060 | Theodora and Zoe | Theodora(daughter of emperor) refused marry imperial heir, but then her married her sister, Zoe, Zoe was afraid of Theodora's influence and confided in her- sparked rebellion(womens rights-kinda) | |
| 516176061 | Cyrillic alphabet | An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius | |
| 516176062 | Magyars | Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary | |
| 516176063 | Yaroslav I | Vladimir's son; Kievan culture peaked; first library; organized legal system | |
| 516176064 | Boyars | Russian Nobles | |
| 516176065 | Tatars | Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian orthodoxy and aristocracy in tact | |
| 516176066 | Constantinople | (not instanbul), Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome. | |
| 516176067 | Orthodox | adhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion | |
| 516176068 | Christian church | a Protestant church that accepts the Bible as the only source of true Christian faith and practices baptism by immersion |
