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| 8386832794 | Atlantic system | New system of trade and expansion that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It emerged in the wake of European voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. | 0 | |
| 8386861472 | Aztec empire | Mesoameican empire that originated with a league of 3 Mexica cities in 1430 and gradually expanded through the Central Valley of Mexico, uniting numerous small, independent states under a single monarch who ruled with the help of counselors, military leaders, and priests. By the late 15th century, this realm may have embraced 25 million people. In 1521, they were defeated by the conquistador Hernan Cortes. | 1 | |
| 8386879322 | Jean Calvin | A french theologian during the Protestant Reformation. Calvin developed a Christianity that emphasized moral regeneration through church teachings and laid out a doctrine of predestination. | 2 | |
| 8386884568 | Columbian exchange | Movements between Afro - Eurasia and the Americas of previously unknown plants, animals, people, diseases, and products that followed in the wake of Columbus's voyages. | 3 | |
| 8386890681 | Conquistadors | Spanish military leaders who led the conquest of the New World in the 16th century. | 4 | |
| 8386899785 | Counter - Reformation | Movement to counter the spread of the Reformation; initiated by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent in 1545. The Catholic Church enacted reforms to attack clerical corruption and it placed a greater emphasis on individual spirituality. During this time, the Jesuits were founded to help revive the Catholic Church. | 5 | |
| 8386899786 | Encomenderos | Commanders of the labor services of the colonized peoples in Spanish America. | 6 | |
| 8386910989 | Holy roman empire | Enormous realm that encompassed much of Europe and aspired to be the Christian successor state to the Roman Empire. In the time of the Habsburg dynasts, the empire was a loose confederation of principalities that obeyed an emperor elected by elite lower - level sovereigns. Despite its size, the empire never effectively centralized power; it was split into Austrian and Spanish factions when Charles V abdicated to his sons in 1556. | 7 | |
| 8386914275 | Incan empire | Empire of Quechua - speaking rulers in the Andean valley of Cuzco that encompassed a population of 4 to 6 million. They lacked a clear inheritance system, causing an internal split that Pizarro's forces exploited in 1533. | 8 | |
| 8386922225 | Jesuits | Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola to counter the inroads of the Protestant Reformation; the Society of Jesus, were active in politics, education, and missionary work. | 9 | |
| 8386926315 | Martin Luther | A German monk and theologian who sought to reform the Catholic Church; he believed in salvation through faith alone, the importance of reading Scripture, and the priesthood of all believers. His Ninety - five Theses, which enumerated the abuses by the Catholic Church as well his reforms, started the Protestant Reformation. | 10 | |
| 8386929886 | Mughal empire | One of Islam's greatest regime. Established in 1526, it was a vigorous, centralized state whose political authority encompassed most of modern - day India. During the 16th century, it had a population of between 100 and 150 million. | 11 | |
| 8386937890 | Protestant reformation | Religious movement initiated by 16th - century monk Martin Luther, who openly criticized the corruption in the Catholic Church and voiced his belief that Christians could speak directly to God. His doctrines gained wide support, and those who followed this new view of the Christianity rejected the authority of the papacy and the Catholic clergy, broke away from the Catholic Church, and called themselves "Protestants." | 12 |
