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| 5131263612 | Qufu | this was the hometown of Confucius, and in his hometown, a nationwide celebration of his birth was held (2,555th anniversary). | 0 | |
| 5131272773 | Kong Fuzi | another name for Confucius | 1 | |
| 5131289414 | Zoroastrianism | started by Zoroaster during 7th century B.C. in Persia (present day Iran), and its key points are a single high god and a cosmic conflict between good and evil | 2 | |
| 5131290425 | Judaism | started by the Hebrew prophets Isaiah, Amos, and Jeremiah during 9th-6th century B.C. in Eastern Mediterranean/Palestine/Israel, and its main key points were a transcendent high god, a covenant with chosen people, and social justice | 3 | |
| 5131291617 | Brahmanism/Hinduism | started by writers of the Upanishads during 800-400 B.C. in India, and the key points were Brahma (the single impersonal divine reality), karma, rebirth, and goal of liberation (moksha) | 4 | |
| 5131294088 | Confucianism | started by Confucius during 6th century B.C. in China, and the key points were social harmony through moral example, secular outlook, importance of education, and family as model of the state. ALSO: its key was the moral example of superiors that would lead China to a restored social harmony | 5 | |
| 5131286019 | Jainism | started by Mahavira during 6th century B.C. in India, and the key points were that all creatures have souls, purification through nonviolence, and opposed to caste | 6 | |
| 5131296306 | Buddhism | started by Siddhartha Gautama during 6th century in India, and key points were suffering caused by desire/attachment, end of suffering through modest and moral living and meditation practice | 7 | |
| 5131296307 | Daoism | started by Laozi and Zhuangzi during 6th-3rd century B.C. in China, and the key points were withdrawal from the world into contemplation of nature, simple living, and the end of striving | 8 | |
| 5131297047 | Greek Rationalism | started by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle during 5th04th century B.C. in Greece, and the key points were the style of persistent questioning and the secular explanation of nature and human life | 9 | |
| 5131297048 | Christianity 1 | started by Jesus early in the 1st century C.E. in Palestine/Israel, and key points were supreme importance of love based on intimate relationship with God and he was at odds with established authorities | 10 | |
| 5131298132 | Christianity 2 | started by Saint Paul during 1st century C.E. in Palestine/Israel/eastern Roman Empire, and key points were that Christianity was a religion for all and salvation through faith in Christ | 11 | |
| 5131394369 | Upanishads | a series of religious writings in India that gave the classical philosophy of Hinduism. These were mystical and philosophical works that sought to probe the inner meaning of the sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas | 12 | |
| 5131405421 | "age of warring states" | a time of chaos, growing violence, and disharmony in China during 403-221 B.C. | 13 | |
| 5131409571 | Legalism | a hardheaded practical philosophy where China's solution to their chaos was in rules and laws, clearly spelled out and strictly enforced through a system of rewards and punishments | 14 | |
| 5131420744 | Han Feizi | a prominent Legalist philosopher | 15 | |
| 5131421591 | Ban Zhao | woman writer that created the famous work of LESSONS FOR WOMEN, which spelled out the implication of Confucian thinking for women | 16 | |
| 5131429813 | Confucius | this man was born into an aristocratic family in the state of Lu in northern China, and he was learned and ambitious | 17 | |
| 5131435057 | Analects | a student-collected book of the teachings of Confucius | 18 | |
| 5131446982 | ren | human-heartedness, benevolence, goodness, and nobility of heart | 19 | |
| 5131481946 | filial piety | honoring one's ancestors and parents | 20 | |
| 5131486964 | Laozi | he was a 6th century B.C. archivist and he started Daoism. he is said to have penned a short poetic volume called Daodejing (The Way and Its Power) and vanished into the Wilderness and in west of China on his water buffalo | 21 | |
| 5131503410 | Daodejing | a short poetic volume written by Laozi | 22 | |
| 5131508197 | Zhuangzi | Daoist ideas were later expressed in a more explicit fashion by this philosopher | 23 | |
| 5131515788 | dao | an elusive notion that refers to the way of nature, the underlying principle that governs all natural phenomena | 24 | |
| 5136005307 | yin and yang | a symbol that expressed a belief in the unity of opposites in China | 25 | |
| 5136017113 | Yellow Turban Rebellion (184-204 C.E.) | Daoism provided an ideology for peasant uprisings, such as ____________, which imagined a utopian society without the oppression of governments and landlords. | 26 | |
| 5136039463 | Vedas | earliest of sacred texts in India, and a collections of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals | 27 | |
| 5136049609 | Brahmins | Indian priests | 28 | |
| 5136052080 | Sanskrit | a type of writing in India that the Vedas was reduced to | 29 | |
| 5136080033 | Brahman | the idea of the World soul, the final and ultimate reality | 30 | |
| 5136087541 | atman | the individual human soul that is apart of the Brahman | 31 | |
| 5136126373 | moksha | liberation, like a bubble in a glass of water breaking through the surface and becoming one with the surrounding atmosphere | 32 | |
| 5136147811 | samsara | the notion of rebirth/incarnation | 33 | |
| 5136154221 | karma | human souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes, depending on one's actions; pure actions resulted in the rebirth to a higher social class | 34 | |
| 5136188993 | caste (system) | social position or status | 35 | |
| 5136208675 | Siddhartha Gautama | he was the founder of Buddhism, a prince from a small north Indian state; he lived a sheltered and luxurious life, and was shocked when faced with old age, sickness, and death; he set out on a 6-year spiritual quest, achieving enlightenment at the age of 35. For the rest of his life, he taught what he had learned and is known as the Buddha, "The Enlightened One." | 36 | |
| 5136260681 | Theravada | the early version of Buddhism, and "the Teaching of the Elders" | 37 | |
| 5136306941 | Mahayana | a modified form of Buddhism, also known as "Great Vehicle" | 38 | |
| 5136321781 | Pali | local language of India | 39 | |
| 5136260682 | nirvana | a virtually indescribable state in which individual identity would be "extinguished" along with all greed, hatred, and delusion | 40 | |
| 5136290526 | Laws of Manu | a classic Hindu text that states the position of women, in which a woman must never be independent | 41 | |
| 5136339084 | bodhisattvas | spiritually developed people who postponed their own entry into nirvana in order to assist those who were still suffering | 42 | |
| 5136353678 | Mahabharata | epic poem of Hinduism | 43 | |
| 5136397546 | Ramayana | another epic poem of Hinduism | 44 | |
| 5136366577 | Bhagavad Gita | beloved Hindu text in the Mahabharata that is about the troubled warrior/hero Arjuna, who is anguished over the necessity of killing his men as a decisive battle approaches. He is assured by his charioteer Lord Krishna <- the incarnation of the god Vishnu, and if he was to do this, he would be released form the shackles of repeated rebirth | 45 | |
| 5136418764 | bhakti | worship | 46 | |
| 5136426549 | Vishnu | a popular deity known as the protector and preserver of creation and associated with mercy and goodness | 47 | |
| 5136492698 | Shiva | the god represents the divine in its destructive aspect | 48 | |
| 5136511790 | Buddha | ninth incarnation of Vishnu in Hindu beliefs | 49 | |
| 5136517952 | monotheism | the belief in one god or supreme deity | 50 | |
| 5136525363 | Zarathustra | a Persian prophet whose ideas were supported in the Achaemenid dynasty, also founder of Zoroastrianism | 51 | |
| 5136542855 | Ahura Mazda | a single unique god who ruled the world and was the source of all truth, light, and goodness in Zoroastrianism | 52 | |
| 5136558537 | Angra Mainyu | an equivalent supernatural figure that is basically the force of evil, and is in constant conflict with Ahura Mazda | 53 | |
| 5136574003 | Hebrews | one of the region's smaller and insignificant peoples | 54 | |
| 5136583141 | Yahweh | the god of the Jews that was a powerful and jealous deity who demanded their loyalty | 55 | |
| 5136593851 | Amos and Isaiah | Jewish prophets | 56 | |
| 5136596574 | Mount Olympus | the home of the lustful gods of Greece. The religion of the city-states brought these quarreling gods together, secret fertility cults, oracles predicting the future, and the ecstatic worship of Dionysus | 57 | |
| 5136609386 | Dionysus | the Greek god of wine that the people celebrated intensely | 58 | |
| 5136616076 | distinct feature in Greek cultural tradition | the willingness of many Greek intellectuals to abandon this MYTHOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, to affirm that the world was a physical reality governed by natural laws, and to assert that HUMAN RATIONALITY could both understand these laws and work out a system of moral and ethical life | 59 | |
| 5136752672 | role of law | The growing _________ _____ ________ in the political life of Athens possibly suggested that a similar regularity also underlay the NATURAL ORDER. | 60 | |
| 5136783666 | science, philosophy, conventional religion | In separating __________ and __________ from ___________ ___________, the Greeks developed a way of thinking that bore some similarity to the secularism of Confucian thought in China. | 61 | |
| 5136800804 | Socrates (469-399 B.C.) | an Athenian philosopher who walked about the city engaging others in conversation about the good life, and his manner of teaching was constant questioning of the assumptions and logic of his students' thinking | 62 | |
| 5136829853 | Anatolia | this is where many of the Greek classical thinkers lived | 63 | |
| 5136833711 | Thales | he drew on Babylonian astronomy and predicted an eclipse of the sun and argued that the moon simply reflected the sun's light; he came up with the idea that water was the basic stuff from which all else derived | 64 | |
| 5136860848 | Democritus | suggested that atoms collided in various configurations to form visible matter | 65 | |
| 5137076118 | Pythagoras | he believed that beneath the chaos and complexity of the visible world lays a simple, unchanging mathematical order | 66 | |
| 5137098742 | Hippocrates | he came to believe that the body was composed of four fluids, which, when out of proper balance, caused various aliments. he also traced the origins of epilepsy, "the sacred disease." | 67 | |
| 5137115090 | Hippocratic Oath | this is taken by all new doctors and named for this ancient Greek scientist | 68 | |
| 5137127064 | Herodotus | he wrote about the Greco-Persian Wars, and explained his project as an effort to discover the reason why they fought one another | 69 | |
| 5137138849 | Plato (429-348 B.C.) | he famously sketched out in THE REPUBLIC a design for a good society, ruled by a class of highly educated guardians and led by a philosopher king | 70 | |
| 5137213398 | Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) | he was a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander the Great, and he wrote and commented on practically everything | 71 | |
| 5137231235 | Byzantium | eastern half of the Roman Empire | 72 | |
| 5137236370 | "Western Civilization" | Greek legacy | 73 | |
| 5137239606 | Jesus of Nazareth | the religion, Christianity, grew from this man's life and teachings, and he had a dramatic impact on world history, similar to Buddha | 74 | |
| 5137254990 | metta | loving-kindness | 75 | |
| 5137256895 | abba | papa or daddy | 76 | |
| 5137286077 | "wisdom teachers" | 77 | ||
| 5137278126 | "Son of God, Very God of Very God" | a name for Jesus according to one of the creeds of the early church | 78 | |
| 5137288676 | Saint Paul (10-65 C.E.) | he was an early convert whose missionary journeys in the eastern Roman Empire led to the founding of small Christian communities that included non-Jews | 79 | |
| 5137288675 | Gentile | non-Jewish | 80 | |
| 5137310654 | Fractio Panis | a 3rd century C.E. fresco from a Roman catacomb | 81 | |
| 5137323011 | atheists | Christians' denial of these other gods caused them to be tagged as __________ and was one reason behind the empire's intermittent persecution of Christians during the first three centuries of the common era | 82 | |
| 5137343276 | Emperor Constantine | this man and his followers provided Christians with newfound securities and opportunities | 83 | |
| 5137353118 | Emperor Theodosius (reigned 379-395 C.E.) | this emperor enforced a ban on all polytheistic ritual sacrifices and ordered their temples closed | 84 | |
| 5137373902 | Ashoka | this man's support gave Buddhism a considerable boost, but it was never promoted to the exclusion of other faiths | 85 | |
| 5137409865 | hierarchical organization, women | As Christinaity spread within the Roman Empire and beyond, it developed a _________ _________ with patriarchs, bishops, and priests--all men-- replacing the HOUSE CHURCHES if the early years, in which __________ played a more prominent part. | 86 | |
| 5137492099 | Pope Gelasius | this man was against women working in the church or in any way but being submissive to men | 87 | |
| 5137502350 | bishop of Rome | this person gradually emerged as the dominant leader, or pope, of the Church in the western half of the empire, and this division eventually contributed to the spilt between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches of Christendom | 88 | |
| 5137533503 | role of miracles | extremely important aspect of Christianity that helped people to believe in Jesus | 89 | |
| 5137549804 | patronage | this basically is support from a patron or it gives a type of power or rule over others | 90 | |
| 5137582228 | Harmony vs. uniformity | 91 | ||
| 5137585979 | Good News of Jesus | "all who are good and follow the Lord and his ways will be with Me in paradise" | 92 | |
| 5137620964 | hierarchy | a type of government where people are ranked above or below each other--unequal | 93 | |
| 5137593967 | anathema | a word meaning completely expelled from the Church | 94 | |
| 5137598738 | orthodox | a word meaning correct | 95 | |
| 5137604638 | Thirty Years War (1618-1648) | a war between Catholic and Protestant states in Europe, as a result of religious conflict in Christendom | 96 |
