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| 10516801908 | Alexander the Great | Leader of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), who conquered Persia and Egypt, creating an empire that merged several cultures. |  | 0 |
| 10516801909 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who promoted Buddhism and practiced religious tolerance. |  | 1 |
| 10516801910 | Chandragupta Mauyra | Founder of the Mauryan dynasty. Began centralization of power in S. Asia. | 2 | |
| 10516801911 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). |  | 3 |
| 10516801912 | Constantine | Roman emperor of the 4th century CE who legalized Christianity. | 4 | |
| 10516801913 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Achaemenid Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. |  | 5 |
| 10516801914 | Darius I | Achaemenid king (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) who expanded the Persian empire through military conquest and undertook building campaigns in Susa and Parsargaade. |  | 6 |
| 10516801915 | Gupta | Empire that promoted hinduism and under which India entered a "golden age" of culture. | 7 | |
| 10516801973 | Mauryan Empire |  | 8 | |
| 10516801916 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China, pacified the xiongnu, and set up the civil service exams to create competent bureaucrats to administer the empire. |  | 9 |
| 10516801917 | Hellenistic | The spread of Greek culture throughout Afro-Eurasia from 323 to 30 B.C.E by Alexander the Great and hsi political successors. |  | 10 |
| 10516801918 | Ptolemaic Empire | Dynasty of Egypt founded by descendants of Macedonian generals. They promoted science, greek learning, and trade. | 11 | |
| 10516801919 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. |  | 12 |
| 10516801920 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | 13 | |
| 10516801921 | plebians | Members of the general citizenry of ancient Rome. It included all citizens not connected to one of Rome's privileged families. They had little real power. | 14 | |
| 10516801922 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. |  | 15 |
| 10516801923 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. |  | 16 |
| 10516801924 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. |  | 17 |
| 10516801925 | Pataliputra | Located at the confluence of the Ganges and Son Rivers in northeastern India. It was the capital city of the Mauryan and Gupta empires. | 18 | |
| 10516801926 | Alexandria | An important center of the Hellenistic civilization best known for the Lighthouse and largest library in the ancient world | 19 | |
| 10516801927 | Appian Way (Via Appia) | One of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic | 20 | |
| 10516801928 | Samarkand | Important trading city that benefited from it's position along the silk roads. | 21 | |
| 10516801929 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. |  | 22 |
| 10516801930 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly united China and established a strong and repressive state. | 23 | |
| 10516801931 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | 24 | |
| 10516801932 | Han Fei | Founder of legalism, a system justifying rule by a strong authority | 25 | |
| 10516801933 | Kong Fuzi | Chinese philosopher who promoted a system of social and political ethics emphasizing order, moderation, and reciprocity between superiors and subordinates. The Analects contains a collection of his sayings and dialogues compiled by disciples after his death. | 26 | |
| 10516801934 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 27 | |
| 10516801935 | Aristotle | A Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.) who stressed the importance of using empirical evidence to explain the natural world | 28 | |
| 10516801936 | Solon | Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy. | 29 | |
| 10516801937 | Plato | Philosopher who believed the wisest men should rule. He introduced the idea that human misery due to their not engaging properly with a class of entities he called forms, chief examples of which were Justice, Beauty, and Equality. | 30 | |
| 10516801938 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 31 | |
| 10516801939 | Brahmins | The priestly caste of India. | 32 | |
| 10516801940 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | 33 | |
| 10516801941 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 34 | |
| 10516801942 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 35 | |
| 10516801943 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 36 | |
| 10516801944 | Hippocrates | A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine. | 37 | |
| 10516801945 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 38 | |
| 10516801946 | Paul | Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity by preaching to both Jews and non-Jews and speaking to large audiences throughout the Roman Empire. | 39 | |
| 10516801947 | Peter | One of the 12 Apostles who made Rome the center of Christianity and is known as the first pope. | 40 | |
| 10516801948 | Karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. |  | 41 |
| 10516801949 | Laozi | A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism. | 42 | |
| 10516801950 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 43 | |
| 10516801951 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. | 44 | |
| 10516801952 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 45 | |
| 10516801953 | Theravada | "The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes withdrawal from earthly pleasures in order to achieve nirvana | 46 | |
| 10516801954 | Mahayana | A form of Buddhism popular in East Asia that | 47 | |
| 10516801955 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 48 | |
| 10516801956 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 49 | |
| 10516801957 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | 50 | |
| 10516801958 | Zarathustra | A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism. | 51 | |
| 10516801959 | Manichaeism | a syncretic religious system founded by a Persian claiming to be a prophet. It combined Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and various other elements, which included doctrines of light and darkness:; the need for an ascetic life to purify the soul; and the need for personal salvation from the divine force of goodness. | 52 | |
| 10516801960 | jati | social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India. | 53 | |
| 10516801961 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | 54 | |
| 10516801962 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 55 | |
| 10516801963 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 56 | |
| 10516801964 | Sudra | Originally the lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers | 57 | |
| 10516801965 | Untouchables | An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work. | 58 | |
| 10516801966 | Vaisya | The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants. | 59 | |
| 10516801967 | Silk Road | Trade route stretching from China into Europe. | 60 | |
| 10516801968 | Yellow Turban uprising | Chinese peasant uprising that weakened the Han Empire. | 61 | |
| 10516801969 | Spartacus Rebellion | One of the largest slave revolts in history. It was led by a Roman slave who was backed by thousands of other slaves. It demonstrates the weakness of having a labor system increasingly dependent on slavery. | 62 | |
| 10516801970 | Parthian | Empire in modern Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan. originally made of nomadic peoples from Central Asia . They were able to defend the region from the Romans. | 63 | |
| 10516801971 | Visigoths | Tribe who sacked Rome in the 5th century CE | 64 | |
| 10516801972 | Xiongnu | Central Asian tribe who harassed the early Chinese empires until they were occupied and pacified by the Han. | 65 |
