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| 3113293654 | Buddha | Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion. Born in 6th century BCE as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes near Himalayas. Became an ascetic, found enlightenment under bo tree, taught enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things | 0 | |
| 3113364954 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip ll, successfully conquered Persian empire prior to his death in 323 BCE, attempted to combine Persian and Greek cultures | 1 | |
| 3113375552 | Himalayas | Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent, site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics | 2 | |
| 3113404099 | Monsoons | Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia during the summer, brings rain | 3 | |
| 3113419369 | Sanskrit | The sacred and classical Indian language | 4 | |
| 3113435783 | Varnas | Cluster of caste groups in Aryan society. Four social classes: -Brahmans (priests) -Kshatriyas (Warriors) -Vaiysas (Merchants) -Sudras (Peasants) Below them was the socially untouchables | 5 | |
| 3113469370 | Untouchables | Low social caste in Hindu culture, performed tasks that were considered polluting: street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning. | 6 | |
| 3113491339 | Indra | Chief deity of the Aryans, depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior | 7 | |
| 3113513614 | Chandragupta Maurya | Founder of Maurya dynasty, established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization | 8 | |
| 3113520083 | Mauryan | Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great | 9 | |
| 3113552274 | Ashoka | Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, completed conquests of Indian subcontinent, converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire | 10 | |
| 3113568352 | Dharma | Caste was required by birth so Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform given occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life | 11 | |
| 3113602894 | Guptas | Dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century CE, built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of the subcontinent, less centralized than Mauryans | 12 | |
| 3122674302 | Kautilya | Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra, believed in scientific application of warfare | 13 | |
| 3137583983 | Cyrus the Great | Established massive Persian empire by 550 BCE, successor state to Mesopotamian empire | 14 | |
| 3137622992 | Zoroastrianism | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil, stressed the importance of more choice | 15 | |
| 3137661140 | Olympic Games | One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states, involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 16 | |
| 3137668470 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE, guided development of Athenian empire, died during early stages of Peloponnesian wars | 17 | |
| 3137682932 | Peloponnesian Wars | Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in Southern Greece, resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 18 | |
| 3137760320 | Philip of Macedonia | Ruled Macedonia from 359 to 336 BCE, founder of centralized kingdom, later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority | 19 | |
| 3137854452 | Hellenistic | The culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests, often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 20 | |
| 3138077995 | Roman Republic | The balanced constitution of Rome from 510 to 47 BCE, featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies | 21 | |
| 3138100795 | Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean, won by Rome after 3 separate conflicts | 22 | |
| 3138127444 | Carthage | Originally a Phoenician colony in Northern Africa, became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean, fought the Punic Wars with Rome from dominance of the Western Mediterranean | 23 | |
| 3138135440 | Hannibal | Great Carthaginian general during the second Punic War, successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome, finally defeated at battle of Zama | 24 | |
| 3138155176 | Julius Caesar | Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul, brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic, assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators | 25 | |
| 3138174712 | Augustus Caesar | Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, first emperor of Rome | 26 | |
| 3220459346 | Acculturation | When societies interact and form a new hybrid culture with characteristics of the previous cultures. Example: Hellenistic Culutre | 27 | |
| 3220463205 | Assimilation | When one culture takes over another and converts the culture to it's culture. | 28 | |
| 3220466381 | Authoratarian | When all the power belongs to one person, no sharing of power. | 29 | |
| 3276801309 | Hagia Sophia | New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian | 30 | |
| 3276811307 | Belisarius | One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in north Africa and Italy | 31 | |
| 3276920077 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consiting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water, utilized to back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople | 32 | |
| 3277007853 | Bulgaria | Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of Balkan peninsula, constant source of pressure on Byzantine empire, defeated by emperor Basil II in 1014 | 33 | |
| 3287178566 | Icon | An icon is an artistic representation, usually of a religious figure | 34 | |
| 3362741590 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history from decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century | 35 | |
| 3362805825 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to 11th century | 36 | |
| 3362812945 | Manorialism | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land | 37 | |
| 3362828942 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system | 38 | |
| 3362833851 | Three-Field System | System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow | 39 | |
| 3362878693 | Clovis | Early Frankish king, converted Franks to Christianity, allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom | 40 | |
| 3362990052 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century | 41 | |
| 3362991355 | Charles Martel | (686-741) Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe | 42 | |
| 3362996318 | Charlemange | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany | 43 | |
| 3363036009 | Holy Roman Emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following the split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor around 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany | 44 | |
| 3371391916 | Vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty. | 45 |
