Terms : Hide Images
| 6722692673 | Abbasid | second islamic dynasty, islamic society experienced its golden age under caliphate, stretched from spain to india (mid 8th cent. to mid 13th cent.) | 0 | |
| 6722697261 | Absolutism/ Absolute Power | ruler has total, absolute power within their borders and had right to rule by god; made all laws but were not subject to them | 1 | |
| 6722701152 | Administration | the officials in the executive branch of government under a chief ruler or executive | 2 | |
| 6722704081 | Ahisma | in buddhist, hindu, and jain traditions the principle of nonviolence towards all living things | 3 | |
| 6722708370 | Amphibious | of a military operation, involving forces landed from the sea | 4 | |
| 6722712861 | Analects | a collection of short literary or philosophical extracts | 5 | |
| 6722713401 | Anglicanism | mainly catholic church of england formed when king henry vii was refused a divorce by the pope and the roman catholic church and broke from it as a result | 6 | |
| 6722715536 | Animism | religious belief that focuses on the roles of gods and spirits in the natural worlds. Usually polytheistic and have been practiced in every part of the world | 7 | |
| 6722719059 | Anti-Semitism | hostility or prejudice for or against jews | 8 | |
| 6722722333 | Aqueduct | a conduit that used gravity to carry water to a location that needed it. Romans built many during urbanization | 9 | |
| 6722725141 | Arabesque | complex designs typical of islamic art featuring intertwining plants and geometric patterns b/c islamic art does not feature living creatures esp humans, often have arabic words and quran verses highly stylized | 10 | |
| 6722726074 | Arbitrary | of power or ruling party, unrestrained or autocratic in the use of authority; no reason or system | 11 | |
| 6722730784 | Arthashastra | ancient indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy; written during reign of chandragupta maurya | 12 | |
| 6722734079 | Aristocracy | highest class in certain societies; form of government where power is held by the nobility | 13 | |
| 6722736404 | Aristotle | greek philosopher and studied natural science and ethics; premier student of plato, distrusted democracy, supported geocentric model; basis of later medieval science and religion | 14 | |
| 6722739815 | Artisans | worker in a skilled trade especially one that involves making things by hand | 15 | |
| 6722744383 | Asoka (Ashoka) | Mauryan emperor of india, emperor reached height under him. Abandoned violence and became buddhist, promoted peace and right policy and ethics | 16 | |
| 6722749105 | Assertion/Assert | action of stating something or exercising authority confidently and forcefully | 17 | |
| 6722753373 | Assimilation | process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group | 18 | |
| 6722754808 | Astrolabe | instrument used for astronomy and navigation, made in the middle east, became key to later european exploration | 19 | |
| 6722756037 | Atheism | disbelief or lack of belief in the existence of god or gods | 20 | |
| 6722757047 | Atman | Hinduism; spiritual life principle of the universe; a person's soul | 21 | |
| 6722758819 | Autocrat | a ruler who has absolute power | 22 | |
| 6722759871 | Bantu | african group that migrated from their homeland when the Sahara began to dry out, repopulated Africa and brought iron tech, farming, and language | 23 | |
| 6722763411 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the arabian peninsula, culture based on camel and goat nomadism; earliest converts to islam | 24 | |
| 6722765754 | Brahman | single deity or god of hinduism present in all things; all other deities are just aspects of him | 25 | |
| 6722767165 | Brahmin | priestly class of hindu society, highest position of society, ton of privilege and power | 26 | |
| 6722776219 | Bureaucracy | system of government in which most decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives | 27 | |
| 6722790851 | Bushido | japanese term for samurai way of life; similar to concept of european knight's chivalry | 28 | |
| 6722793439 | Caliph/Caliphate | civil and religious leader of a muslim state considered to be a representative of allah; established in succession to muhammad, name of islamic empire | 29 | |
| 6722794607 | Calvinism | protestant sect, emphasizes strong moral code and believed in predestination, supported separation of church and state | 30 | |
| 6722797787 | Capital | wealth in the form of property or money owned by a business or individual | 31 | |
| 6722799407 | Capitalism | economic system based on private ownership of capital; created by adam smith | 32 | |
| 6722801612 | Canon Law | law of the church; filled the hole of political authority in during early dark ages and later stopped it from developing | 33 | |
| 6722803185 | Caste System | rigid system of social standing used in India; position determined by birth and could not be changed or moved out of | 34 | |
| 6722807877 | Cavalry | previously warriors who fought on horseback, now soldiers who fight from armoured vehicles | 35 | |
| 6722808961 | Centralized vs Decentralized | system of gov where concentration of power is centered at a capital vs decentralized where power is shared over multiple regional hubs | 36 | |
| 6722809405 | Chandragupta | founder of the Maurya empire, relied on vinegar policies, Arthashastra | 37 | |
| 6722810660 | Chinampas | type of mesoamerican agriculture that used small squares of arable land to grow crops on shallow lake beds; used by Aztecs in Mexico | 38 | |
| 6722811086 | Chivalry | the religious, moral, and social code of medieval european feudal knights | 39 | |
| 6722812028 | City-State | small independent state consisting of an urban center and its surrounding agricultural land; characteristic of ancient greece, Phoenicia, early Italy, and Mesopotamia | 40 | |
| 6722813233 | Civilization | advanced form of human society with cities, social institutions, writing, and skill in science and technology | 41 | |
| 6722814419 | Civil Service | permanent professional branches of a government's administration excluding military, politicians, and judges | 42 | |
| 6722815089 | Clergy | body of officials who perform religious services such as priests, ministers, and rabbis | 43 | |
| 6722815996 | Codified | act, process, or result of arranging in a systematic form or code; Hammurabi's code was the first codified set of laws | 44 | |
| 6722817513 | Coerced Labor | where workers are forced to work based on threats, pressure, or intimidation | 45 | |
| 6722818887 | Cosmopolitan | common to or representative of many parts of the world; not national or local | 46 | |
| 6722819996 | Colonize | to set up a colony outside of your own country to obtain its resources and markets for your own gain; characteristic of capitalism, goes with imperialism | 47 | |
| 6722821735 | Commercial Revolution | period of european economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism (late 13th century to mid 18th century) | 48 | |
| 6726535709 | Council of Trent | reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs | 49 | |
| 6726537393 | Covenant | agreement; in the Judeo-Christian heritage, an agreement between God and humankind | 50 | |
| 6726548783 | Cuneiform | the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets | 51 | |
| 6726553892 | Cyrillic | the alphabet used by many Slavic peoples, chiefly those with a historical allegiance to the Orthodox Church | 52 | |
| 6726561732 | Cyrus the Great | established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires., c. 530 B.C.E. A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings | 53 | |
| 6726578745 | Czar | an emperor of Russia before 1917 | 54 | |
| 6726582802 | Daimyo | (in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun | 55 | |
| 6726610286 | Daoism | a Chinese philosophy developed by Laozi, which promoted humility, frugal living, and harmony with nature | 56 | |
| 6726645601 | Dar-al-Islam | the area of the world under the rule of Islam | 57 | |
| 6726693238 | Deity | a supernatural being, like a god or goddess, that is worshipped by people who believe it controls or exerts force over some aspect of the world | 58 | |
| 6726723520 | Delhi Sultanate | the kingdom established by Mahmud's succesors to spread islam in India | 59 | |
| 6726754825 | Demographic/Demography | the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations | 60 | |
| 6726761903 | Despotism/Despot/Despotic | a ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way | 61 | |
| 6726781101 | Dharma | the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life | 62 | |
| 6726800023 | Diaspora | any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade | 63 | |
| 6726817850 | Diplomacy | the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad | 64 | |
| 6726821300 | Disciple | a follower or student of a teacher, leader, or philosopher; i.e. a personal follower of Jesus during his life, especially one of the twelve Apostles | 65 | |
| 6726831413 | Discourage | cause (someone) to lose confidence or enthusiasm | 66 | |
| 6726948272 | Dispute | a disagreement, argument, or debate | 67 | |
| 6726952705 | Disregard | pay no attention to; ignore | 68 | |
| 6726957652 | Dominant/Dominance | power and influence over others | 69 | |
| 6726983969 | Dynasty | a line of hereditary rulers of a country | 70 | |
| 6726989192 | Economic System | the means by which countries and governments distribute resources and trade goods and services. They are used to control the five factors of production, including: labor, capital, entrepreneurs, physical resources and information resources; i.e. traditional - not much change in standards of living or in financial or occupational position, command - gov't controls economy, market - economic decisions are made by individuals and for the most part, the government doesn't interfere, mixed - combines elements of command and mixed economy (U.S. has mixed economy) | 71 | |
| 6727051380 | Egalitarian | relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities | 72 | |
| 6727055003 | Eightfold Path | a teaching of Buddhism that demands individuals to lead moderate lives, reject luxuries, and follow an ascetic way of life to obtain salvation | 73 | |
| 6729733474 | Elite | a small group of people within a larger group who have more power, social standing, wealth, or talent than the rest of the group | 74 | |
| 6729766763 | Embrace | accept or support (a belief, theory, or change) willingly and enthusiastically | 75 | |
| 6729772686 | Encroachment | to trespass upon the property, domain, or rights of another, especially stealthily or by gradual advances | 76 | |
| 6729784007 | Enlightenment | intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior | 77 | |
| 6729811430 | Epic of Gilgamesh | an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia that is often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature | 78 | |
| 6729908520 | Epidemic | a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time | 79 | |
| 6729915802 | Estates General | in France of the pre-Revolutionary monarchy, the representative assembly of the three "estates," or orders of the realm: the clergy and nobility—which were privileged minorities—and a Third Estate, which represented the majority of the people | 80 | |
| 6729926532 | Ethnicity/Ethnic Group | a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition | 81 | |
| 6729940579 | Ethnocentrism | evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture | 82 | |
| 6729945189 | Eunuch | a man who has been castrated, especially (in the past) one employed to guard the women's living areas at an oriental court | 83 | |
| 6729958129 | Excommunication | the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church | 84 | |
| 6729965131 | Exploitation | the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work; the action of making use of and benefiting from resources | 85 | |
| 6729976594 | Facilitate | make (an action or process) easy or easier | 86 | |
| 6729996578 | Factors | a circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome | 87 | |
| 6730013885 | Factors of Production | an economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit. The factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship | 88 | |
| 6730013886 | Feudalism | the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection | 89 | |
| 6730034741 | Filial Piety | a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors | 90 | |
| 6730042720 | Five Pillars of Islam | Obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: (1) confession of faith "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet"; (2) prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), (3) fasting during Ramadan, (4) zakat (tax for charity), and, (5) the hajj (pilgrimage) | 91 | |
| 6730060725 | Fief | an estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service | 92 | |
| 6730084229 | Foraging | search widely for food or provisions | 93 | |
| 6730089286 | Foreign Policy | a government's strategy in dealing with other nations | 94 | |
| 6730094925 | Fratricide | the killing of one's brother or sister | 95 | |
| 6730098574 | Genocide | the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation | 96 | |
| 6730172913 | Gentry | an upper or ruling class; aristocracy | 97 | |
| 6730181694 | Geocentric Theory | the belief that the Earth is the center of the universe, and that the Moon, Sun, stars and planets revolve around the Earth | 98 | |
| 6752180579 | Glyph | a hieroglyphic character or symbol; a pictograph | 99 | |
| 6752185304 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries | 100 | |
| 6752196368 | Griot | a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa | 101 | |
| 6752200174 | Hacienda | rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy | 102 | |
| 6752208059 | Hadith | a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions | 103 | |
| 6752243424 | Han Feizi | Collected Legalist ideas and synthesized them in a collection of powerful essays on statecraft. Strengthen and expand the state at all costs. The state's power derived from agriculture and the armed forces. Need to have strict and harsh laws. Not a popular viewpoint, but use of Legalist approaches often bought results. Helped to unify China. | 104 | |
| 6752254372 | Hajj | the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime | 105 | |
| 6752261567 | Harem | the separate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants | 106 | |
| 6752267445 | Hijrah (Heijra) | the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed by him to Medina, in the year 622 | 107 | |
| 6752280413 | Hegemony | leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others | 108 | |
| 6752287773 | Hellenistic | relating to Greek history, language, and culture from the death of Alexander the Great to the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony by Octavian in 31 BC. During this period Greek culture flourished, spreading through the Mediterranean and into the Near East and Asia and centering on Alexandria in Egypt and Pergamum in Turkey | 109 | |
| 6752319078 | Hierarchy | a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority | 110 | |
| 6752325943 | Heresy/Heretic | belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine | 111 | |
| 6752330656 | Humanism | an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems | 112 | |
| 6752345156 | Huns | large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting | 113 | |
| 6752364331 | Ibn Batutta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 114 | |
| 6752371588 | Icon | Images of religious figure venerated by Byzantine Christians | 115 | |
| 6752378330 | Ideology | a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy | 116 | |
| 6752384279 | Indifference | lack of interest, concern, or sympathy | 117 | |
| 6752389524 | Indigenous | originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native | 118 | |
| 6752400002 | Indo-Europeans | series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia | 119 | |
| 6752431488 | Indulgence | (in the Roman Catholic Church) a grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages | 120 | |
| 6752445431 | Inflation | a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money | 121 | |
| 6752449203 | Interdict | a prohibition by the pope that can deprive individual persons, groups, communities, and even nations of all priestly ministry. Thus, they no longer had access to the sacraments of the church | 122 | |
| 6752459046 | Intolerance | unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one's own | 123 | |
| 6786830944 | Investiture | a struggle between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope over who nominates clergymen. Pope won | 124 | |
| 6786835289 | Imperialism | a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force | 125 | |
| 6786839307 | Infantry | soldiers marching or fighting on foot | 126 | |
| 6786840889 | Inquisition | tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX for the suppression of heresy | 127 | |
| 6786843744 | Jainism | extreme nonviolence and emphasizes ahimsa to extreme extents and believes even non-living things have souls | 128 | |
| 6786847332 | Janissary | Ottoman infantry, forcibly conscripted as young (Christian) boys, used guns, influenced politics and eventually became a social class | 129 | |
| 6786854064 | Jihad | "Holy War," a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to reach the standards set by the Qur'an (spread Islam) | 130 | |
| 6786859641 | Ka'aba | (black box) most revered religious shrine in Pre-Islamic Arabia; in Mecca; center of worship for bedouins, and later, for Muslims | 131 | |
| 6786867654 | Karma | effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 132 | |
| 6786870305 | Khan | title given to Mongol ruler; means "supreme ruler" | 133 | |
| 6786872058 | Khanate | four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Genghis Khan | 134 | |
| 6786993586 | Kow-tow | a Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission | 135 | |
| 6786997905 | Land Redistribution | gov't took private land and redistributes it equally (among peasants) | 136 | |
| 6787000458 | Latifundia | a large landed estate or ranch in ancient Rome or Spain or Latin America | 137 | |
| 6787004319 | Laotzi | founded Daoism; encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature | 138 | |
| 6787011375 | Legalism | political philosophy of unruliness of human nature which justified state coercion and control; used by Qin and Shi Huangdi to unite China | 139 | |
| 6787019977 | Legion | a unit of 3000-6000 men in the ancient Roman army | 140 | |
| 6787023030 | Legislature | the law-making body of a country or state | 141 | |
| 6787026437 | Legitimacy/Legitimize | qualified ruler (an heir or has the right skills) | 142 | |
| 6787028162 | Lineage | lineal descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree | 143 | |
| 6787030327 | Machiavelli | (1459-1527) author of the Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power (Italian Renaissance) | 144 | |
| 6787037877 | Magna Carta | issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims | 145 | |
| 6787044007 | Mandate of Heaven | Zhou started this tradition; Heaven granted power to the ruler of China and could take it away if the ruler failed to rule his people justly and well | 146 | |
| 6787062464 | Manorialism | relations between landlords and peasants in Middle Ages; exchanged labor for access to land | 147 | |
| 6787067001 | Mansa Musa | greatest Mali king; brought Mali to peak from 1312-1337; made the hajj to Mecca; developed Timbuktu | 148 | |
| 6787100315 | Marco Polo | Ventian merchant and traveler; his accounts of China stimulated interest in Asian trade; traveled during the reign of the Mongols - Pax Mongolica | 149 | |
| 6787105229 | Matrilineal | of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line | 150 | |
| 6787107593 | Mercenary | a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army | 151 | |
| 6787109745 | Meritocracy | government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability | 152 | |
| 6787114264 | Messiah | descendant of King David expected by the Jews to become their king and return them to glory; many believed it to be Jesus | 153 | |
| 6787119498 | Metallurgy | branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification | 154 | |
| 6787150108 | Minaret | a tall slendertower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer | 155 | |
| 6787156480 | Missionary | a person sent on a religious mission, especially one to spread a religion in a foreign country | 156 | |
| 6787162331 | Moksha | in Hinduism, occurs when you are reunited with Brahman and escape reincarnation | 157 | |
| 6787165518 | Monasticism | living in a religious community apart from secular society; monasteries were centers of learning and literacy | 158 | |
| 6787170936 | Monsoon | a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia; wet and dry monsoon | 159 | |
| 6787175713 | Mosque | a Muslim place of worship; were the leading places of academia during the Abbasid Caliphate | 160 | |
| 6787182434 | Mysticism | belief that union with or absorption into the Deity of the absolute, man be attained through contemplation and self-surrender | 161 | |
| 6787187008 | Nationalsim | loyalty and devotion to a nation | 162 | |
| 6787188540 | Neo-Confucianism | a movement in religious philosophy derived from Confucianism in China around 1000 CE in response to the ideas and popularity of Daoism and Buddhism | 163 | |
| 6787198710 | Neolithic Revolution | wide scale transition of many human cultures from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement | 164 | |
| 6787202128 | Nepotism | the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends; especially by giving them jobs | 165 | |
| 6787300245 | Ninety-Five Theses | propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church | 166 | |
| 6787309704 | Nirvana | (Buddhism) a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self and the subject is released from karma and reincarnation; final goal of Buddhism | 167 | |
| 6787317760 | Oligarchy | a small group of people having control of a country, organization or institution | 168 | |
| 6787324369 | Oracle Bones | in Chin, animal bones that were heated and the cracks were then interpreted as prophecies | 169 | |
| 6787332955 | Ottoman Turks | a group of Turks from northwest Asia Minor who conquered Byzantium and Constantinople (became Istanbul); Ottoman Empire existed from 1200's to 1900's | 170 | |
| 6787346729 | Pagoda | a Hindu or Buddhist temple or sacred building, typically a many-tiered tower, in India and East Asia | 171 | |
| 6787352050 | Paleolithic | people were nomadic hunter gatherers; called Old Stone Age (10,000-2.5 mya); people used stone and bone tools; people were completely at the mercy of their environment, shaping early belief systems and leading to Animism | 172 | |
| 6788741774 | Pandemic | an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects much of the population | 173 | |
| 6788743808 | Parliament | (in the UK) the highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of the Lords, and the House of Commons | 174 | |
| 6788748646 | Pastoralism | people who are nomadic and raise and graze cattle and animals; live on outskirts of civilization | 175 | |
| 6788751325 | Patrician | Roman aristocrats and wealthy class | 176 | |
| 6788752320 | Patriarchy | a system of society or gov't in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through | 177 | |
| 6788758606 | Patrilineal | relating to or based on relationship to the father or descent through the male line | 178 | |
| 6788762205 | Patron | a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity (Italian Renaissance, patrons supported artists) | 179 | |
| 6788770094 | Pax Romana | the period of stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire | 180 | |
| 6788779920 | Pax Mongolica | the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of inhabitants of the empire | 181 | |
| 6788783710 | Pericles | Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy; presided over Athens' Golden Age | 182 | |
| 6788790281 | Periodization | the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time in order to facilitate the analysis of history | 183 | |
| 6788794739 | Phalanx | a body of troops, standing or moving in close formation | 184 | |
| 6788796174 | Piety | the quality of being religious or reverent | 185 | |
| 6788797691 | Pilgrimage | a journey, especially a long one, made to some sacred place as an act of religious devotion | 186 | |
| 6788800089 | Plebeian | member of the lower class of Ancient Rome, including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders | 187 | |
| 6788803132 | Polis | a Greek city-state; served as the main political institution in Classical Greece | 188 | |
| 6788805093 | Polygamy | the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time | 189 | |
| 6788807929 | Pre-Destination | primary idea behind Calvinism; states that salvation or damnation are foreordained and unalterable | 190 | |
| 6788812531 | Predominantly | mainly; for the most part | 191 | |
| 6788814734 | Primarily | mainly; for the most part | 192 | |
| 6788815489 | Prosperous | successful in material terms; flourishing financially | 193 | |
| 6788817075 | Prostrate | lying stretched out on the ground with one's face downward | 194 | |
| 6788820317 | Protestant Reformation | religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519; led to new Protestant religions; initiated by Martin Luther | 195 | |
| 6788824823 | Purdah | the practice among Muslim and Hindu women of living in a separate room or behind a curtain, or of dressing in all-enveloping clothing | 196 | |
| 6788829555 | Quipu | an ancient Inca device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways | 197 | |
| 6788853231 | Radical | advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social change; representing or supporting an extreme or progressive section of a political party | 198 | |
| 6788856892 | Ramayana | a Sanskrit epic, traditionally attributed to Valmiki, that concerns the banishment of Rama from his kingdom, the abduction of his wife Sita by a demon and her rescue, and Rama's eventual restoration to the throne | 199 | |
| 6788879105 | Rajah | an Indian king or prince | 200 | |
| 6788882324 | Reconquista | in medieval Spain and Portugal, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors), who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century | 201 | |
| 6788890526 | Regicide | the action of killing a king | 202 | |
| 6788892960 | Reincarnation | the rebirth of a soul in a new body (in Hinduism and Buddhism) | 203 | |
| 6788906574 | Renaissance | the cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from roughly the fourteenth through the middle of the seventeenth centuries, based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome | 204 | |
| 6788947556 | Republic | a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch | 205 | |
| 6788997537 | Sacraments | a religious ceremony or act of the Christian Church that is regarded as an outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual divine grace, in particular | 206 | |
| 6789013662 | Sanskrit | an ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived | 207 | |
| 6789028296 | Sati/Suttee | a former practice in India whereby a widow threw herself onto her husband's funeral pyre | 208 | |
| 6789032087 | Scribe | a person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented | 209 | |
| 6789036369 | Sects | a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong | 210 | |
| 6789043058 | Secular | denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis | 211 | |
| 6789050032 | Seige Warfare/Weaponry | a Medieval military operation involving the surrounding and blockading of a town, castle or fortress by an army in the attempt to capture it | 212 | |
| 6789064194 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader; they governed strictly | 213 | |
| 6789079012 | Seppuku | ritual suicide by disembowelment carried out by samurai | 214 | |
| 6789085383 | Serf | an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate | 215 | |
| 6789089506 | Sharia | Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet | 216 | |
| 6789094653 | Shi Huangdi | king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor | 217 | |
| 6789145595 | Shinto | a Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century and incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power ( kami ) in both animate and inanimate things. It was the state religion of Japan until 1945 | 218 | |
| 6789168708 | Shogun | a hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the mikado or emperor), the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867 | 219 | |
| 6789180232 | Shrine | a place regarded as holy because of its associations with a divinity or a sacred person or relic, typically marked by a building or other construction | 220 | |
| 6789190571 | Simony | the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices | 221 | |
| 6789204782 | Slash-and-Burn Agriculture | a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden | 222 | |
| 6794462919 | Socialism | a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole | 223 | |
| 6794462920 | Social Mobility | ability of a person to work his way up from one social class to the next | 224 | |
| 6794518152 | Socratic Method | continually asking questions to systematically clarify another person's ideas and identify core | 225 | |
| 6794579825 | Specialization | to train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker | 226 | |
| 6794599843 | Standardization | the process of making something conform to a standard (currency, writing, measurements, roads) | 227 | |
| 6794616403 | Steppe | a large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia | 228 | |
| 6794625546 | Stupa | a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine | 229 | |
| 6794642526 | Sultan/Sultanate | a Muslim sovereign/ Muslim kingdom ruled by a Sultan | 230 | |
| 6794646396 | Sufi | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life; successful missionaries | 231 | |
| 6794673189 | Surplus | an amount of something left over when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply over demand | 232 | |
| 6794686874 | Stoicism | an ancient Greek school of philosophy founded at Athens by Zeno of Citium. The school taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain | 233 | |
| 6794726113 | Social Stratification | this phenomena creates a hierarchy or tiered system in which different groups of individuals have varying amounts of power within a society. Social stratification means that certain individuals (elites) have more power and influence than other individuals, such as commoners and slaves. In Neolithic times, social stratification emerged when food surpluses allowed some members of society to do things other than farm. This led to job specialization and the beginnings of a class system featuring elites, merchants, artisans, farmers and slaves | 234 | |
| 6794757232 | Succession | the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc. | 235 | |
| 6794902015 | Syncretism/Syncretic | a union or attempted fusion of different religions, cultures, or philosophies | 236 | |
| 6794906830 | Tenets | a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy | 237 | |
| 6794908805 | Terrace Farming | a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain (used in China and South America in the Andes) | 238 | |
| 6794970833 | Tithe | one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the church and clergy | 239 | |
| 6794991341 | Theocracy | a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler; religious law is state law | 240 | |
| 6794994086 | Torah | (in Judaism) the law of God as revealed to Moses and recorded in the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures | 241 | |
| 6795006492 | Totalitarianism | a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state | 242 | |
| 6795018476 | Transformations | a thorough or dramatic change in form or appearance | 243 | |
| 6795025809 | Tribalism | a European tendency, especially in African colonies, to identify and sometimes invent distinct "tribes" that had often not existed before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive | 244 | |
| 6795094655 | Tribute/Tributary System | Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute to the Chinese emperor | 245 | |
| 6795109568 | Tripitaka | 'Three baskets'; the collection of early sacred writings whose three sections consist of discourses attributed to the Buddha, rules of monastic discipline, and treatises on doctrine | 246 | |
| 6795139125 | Law of Twelve Tables | the Twelve Tables of Rome The laws of Rome, codified. Famously includes the concept of "innocent until proven guilty" | 247 | |
| 6795140890 | Umma | the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan; provided peace along thee lands | 248 | |
| 6795179087 | Umayyad | first hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate | 249 | |
| 6795199780 | Untouchables | lowest level of caste system. Hauled trash and dead bodies; extreme prejudice against them | 250 | |
| 6795214794 | Urbanization | the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas | 251 | |
| 6795267658 | Urdu | a Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s | 252 | |
| 6795267659 | Varna | the four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class | 253 | |
| 6795288170 | Vassal | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty. | 254 | |
| 6795304357 | Vedas | early collections of prayers and hymns that provide information about the Indo-European Aryans who migrated into India around 1500 BCE | 255 | |
| 6795319319 | Vernacular | the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region | 256 | |
| 6795328584 | Xiongnu | people of the Mongolian steppe lands north of China who formed a large-scale nomadic empire in the third and second centuries B.C.E.; Chinese used tributary system to stop them from invading | 257 | |
| 6795354859 | Zakat | religious tax, one of the five basic requirements (arkan or "pillars") of Islam(The 4th). All adult Muslims of sound mind and body with a set level of income and assets are expected to pay this | 258 | |
| 6795371871 | Zheng He | an imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa | 259 | |
| 6795422102 | Ziggurat | a Mesopotamian stepped pyramid. Unlike an Egyptian pyramid, a ziggurat was a solid structure of baked brick, an artificial hill at the summit of which stood a temple | 260 | |
| 6795424429 | Zoroastrianism | a religion that emerged in the Persian Empire; created by Zoroaster and emphasized struggle between good and evil (dualistic); later influenced elements of Christianity | 261 |
