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| 3712400661 | Paleolithic | "Old Stone Age" a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8000 B.C., during which people made use of crude stone tools and weapons Nomadic hunters and gatherers. | 0 | |
| 3712401544 | Neolithic | "New Stone Age" a prehistoric period that began about 8000 B.C. and in some areas ended as early as 3000 B.C. during which people learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals It helped start civilizations. | 1 | |
| 3712402225 | australopithecines | aka hominid, a fossil bipedal with both apelike and human characteristics in Africa The importance of australopithecines are that they were the first adaptation of an ape that was bipedal that eventually led to the evolution of the Homo sapien. Known as the ancestor to the modern human being. | 2 | |
| 3712402828 | nomad | a member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water Before a sedentary lifestyle was common, most people were nomads. People stopped being nomads around the Agricultural Revolution. | 3 | |
| 3712417918 | barter | a form of trade in which people exchange goods and services without the use of money This was common before currency was established and showed the value of things by trade. | 4 | |
| 3712417919 | cuneiform | a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C. When people started writing, cuneiform was the first form of writing in Mesopotamia and shows how their brains developed. | 5 | |
| 3712417083 | Ur | a Sumerian city-state, the center of a Sumerian cities was the walled temple with a ziggurat in the middle. There the priests and rulers appealed to the gods for the well-being of the city-state This was the biggest city-state and it was important because it was like the first Capitol. | 6 | |
| 3712417084 | Mesopotamia | "land between the rivers" one of the first civilizations located in the Fertile Crescent and organized into city-states This was the earliest civilization and it reflects a settlement pattern that has occurred throughout history. | 7 | |
| 3712417085 | cultural diffusion | the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another This shows how ideas/products get spread around and cultures mix. | 8 | |
| 3712416632 | city state | a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit. City states were like countries in close proximity and they were important because it determined land and the rules between each of them. | 9 | |
| 3712416633 | Hammurabi | a noted lawgiver, military leader, diplomat, and administrator of a vast empire. He ruled the Babylonian Empire from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C. and created Hammurabi's Code of Laws. He established the first set of laws and this developed the political aspects of civilization even further. | 10 | |
| 3712416634 | Epic of Gilgamesh | A poem and among the earth's earliest literary works portraying a mythological Sumerian king from about the 3rd millennium BCE filled with the stories about spirits, monsters, and gods. This is important because it shows how Sumerians were pessimistic and afraid of death and the afterlife. | 11 | |
| 3712416088 | theocracy | a government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure (religious leader) | 12 | |
| 3712416089 | polytheism | a belief in many gods Most early religions were polytheistic. | 13 | |
| 3712414213 | Qin | a short lived Chinese dynasty that replaced the Zhou Dynasty in the third century B.C. Ruled by Shi Huangdi, a cruel leader, who practiced legalism. made census, durable features | 14 | |
| 3712413858 | Shi Huangdi | Ruled during the Qin dynasty. Unified China. direct and violent. | 15 | |
| 3712413859 | Confucianism | a system of philosophical ideas that were formed by Chinese teacher and philosopher, Confucius. Believed that strong personal virtue led to a solid political life. System of ethics. | 16 | |
| 3712413438 | Daoism | philosophy associated with Laozi stressed need for alignment with Doa or cosmic force. emphasized harmony with nature (Yin and Yang) | 17 | |
| 3712413439 | Legalism | very strict and brutal way of ruling; no free thinking (Shi Huangdi) | 18 | |
| 3712415845 | hieroglyphics | The ancient Egyptian form of writing that combined logographic and alphabetic elements It is important because historians still have not deciphered hieroglyphics. | 19 | |
| 3712415846 | pharaoh | a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader This is important because it shows how across most early civilizations leaders were tied to religion. | 20 | |
| 3712415411 | Harappan | another name for the Indus Valley civilization that arose along the Indus River, possibly as early as 7000 B.C.; characterized by sophisticated city planning | 21 | |
| 3712415412 | Mohenjo Daro | an ancient city of the civilization of the Indus Valley (2600-1700 B.C.), now an archaeological site in Pakistan, southwest of Sukkur. This is important because it was one of the earliest civilizations and showed the difference between a civilization and a site. | 22 | |
| 3712414997 | Mandate of Heaven | In Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority This is important because it shows that the Chinese believed that royal authority came from heaven. | 23 | |
| 3712411534 | Ashoka | A ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism. advised by Kautilya | 24 | |
| 3712414998 | Shang | The Shang Dynasty lasted from 1700 B.C. to 1027 B.C. and they were the first to leave written records. They built elaborate palaces and tombs. This is important because this rule was lead and controlled very well, fought many wars, and left the most evidence of their existence. | 25 | |
| 3712411301 | Chandragupta | Founder of the Mauryan empire. | 26 | |
| 3712411302 | regionalism | The practice of regional rather than central systems of administrations. | 27 | |
| 3712411101 | caste system | A social structure system. | 28 | |
| 3712411102 | Hinduism | the main religion of India which includes the worship of many gods and the belief that after you die you return to life in a different form | 29 | |
| 3712410899 | Upanishads | epic poems with mysticism; serves as the basis of Hinduism | 30 | |
| 3712410900 | Vedas | sacred teachings; Aryans brought ancient books explained origins of Hinduism | 31 | |
| 3712410525 | Siddhartha | the personal name of Buddha, founder of Buddhism | 32 | |
| 3712410526 | Buddhism | a path of practice and spiritual development leading to Insight into the true nature of reality. Buddhist practices like meditation are means of changing yourself in order to develop the qualities of awareness, kindness, and wisdom to achieve nirvana. | 33 | |
| 3712410232 | Minoans | an inhabitant of Minoan Crete or member of the Minoan people. culture of Crete, near ancient Greece. | 34 | |
| 3712410233 | Phoenicians | a member of a Semitic people inhabiting ancient Phoenicia and its colonies. The Phoenicians prospered from trade and manufacturing until the capital, Tyre, was sacked by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. | 35 | |
| 3712414211 | Zhou | The Zhou Dynasty ruled from 1100-221 B.C. and included a lot of Shang culture. It was ruled by feudalism (control over different regions by members of the royal family and trusted members, and contained the period of Warring States (the later years of Zhou after being attacked by nomads). This is important because it was the longest dynasty in Chinese history and contained many innovations. | 36 | |
| 3712414212 | patriarchal | relating to a social system in which the father is the head of the family This is important because it shows the social order of all of the first empires/classical civilizations. | 37 | |
| 3712409766 | Socrates | An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. | 38 | |
| 3712410524 | Nirvana | in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment | 39 | |
| 3712409767 | Persian Wars | the wars fought between Greece and Persia in the 5th century bc, in which the Persians sought to extend their territory over the Greek world. | 40 | |
| 3712413860 | Analects | The teachings of Confucius (551-479 BCE) compiled by his disciples | 41 | |
| 3712409400 | Peloponnesian War | The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. | 42 | |
| 3712409401 | Alexander the Great | He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences. Died young, empire fell apart. | 43 | |
| 3712410026 | Abraham | He was the first prophet in Judaism, the first monotheistic religion. He spoke to Yahweh (God) and almost killed his first son, Isaac, in a test of faith from Yahweh. | 44 | |
| 3712413440 | Era of Warring States | rulers merely figureheads. the time during 404-201 BCE during the fall of the Zhou empire. | 45 | |
| 3712410027 | Torah | The bible or holy book in Judaism. aka Old Testament. | 46 | |
| 3712408685 | plebians | A commoner (Classical Rome) | 47 | |
| 3712409765 | polis | an ancient Greek city state. | 48 | |
| 3712408686 | aristocracy | One of the highest classes in societies | 49 | |
| 3712412941 | mean people | a group of people in Chinese social structure who performed rough transportation and other unskilled jobs and suffered from the lowest possible social status | 50 | |
| 3712408687 | Punic Wars | The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were probably the largest wars that had ever taken place. The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning "Carthaginian", with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenician ancestry. | 51 | |
| 3712412942 | scholar gentry | Civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to do day-to-day governance. Popular around Qin and Han dynasties. | 52 | |
| 3712408340 | direct democracy | (aka puredemocracy) a form of democracy in which people decide (e.g. vote on, form consensus on) policy initiatives directly. | 53 | |
| 3712408976 | Hellinism | of or relating to Greek history, language, and culture. Spread throughout classical civilizations. | 54 | |
| 3712408341 | Twelve Tables | law codes that applied to all in Rome | 55 | |
| 3712408977 | patricians | an aristocrat or noblemen | 56 | |
| 3712408124 | Senate | controlled by aristocrats and was the legislative body | 57 | |
| 3712412694 | bureaucracy | A type of government developed in Classical China. Important decisions are made by state officials rather than representatives. | 58 | |
| 3712412695 | civil service | Exams made for bureaucrats. | 59 | |
| 3712408126 | Julius Caesar | Roman patrician who formed the First Triumvirate and who was the victor in Rome's second civil war. Declared himself "Dictator for Life." | 60 | |
| 3712412208 | Silk Roads | A famous trading route that Classical China, Persia, India and the Mediterranean used. | 61 | |
| 3712407707 | Augustus | the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor | 62 | |
| 3712412209 | Aryans | Semi-nomadic group of people who spoke the parent language of many Indo-European languages. | 63 | |
| 3712407708 | Pax Romana | the peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire | 64 | |
| 3712412210 | Maurya | dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great. | 65 | |
| 3712406766 | Jesus | Jewish man spread word of God. formed huge following of believers. Too powerful, contradicted government, crucified. | 66 | |
| 3712408125 | Consuls | two men who shared executive power | 67 | |
| 3712406767 | Diocletian | a Roman emperor born of low class and rose up through military ranks | 68 | |
| 3712411535 | Gupta | Indian dynasty, most achievements during this time. | 69 | |
| 3712406768 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337) | 70 |
