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| 163611694 | Demography from Environmental Changes (3.5 million BC) | •Small groups •Nomads, fewer children •Bronze Age and the Iron Age increased the surplus of food • Women began to bear many more children •Population dramatically increased | 1 | |
| 163611695 | Neolithic Era Origins | •First fully developed in Levant •Domestication of animals •Cities and villages appear in large numbers all across the globe | 2 | |
| 163611696 | Neolithic Age Consequences | oCould become sedentary and learn other skills oCreation of civilization oCities are formed oReligion becoming important oA distinct form of government oMajor social distinctions between genders. Men were suddenly the dominant ones in society. | 3 | |
| 163611697 | Neolithic Age: Settlements | Before the growth of agriculture, nomads depended on their hunting skills to get themselves fed. Families were almost obsolete because finding food was hard enough for one person and usually other people would slow down or make the hunting process harder. After the growth of agriculture large numbers of people could live in the same village or settlement because they had a stable source of food. | 4 | |
| 163611698 | Neolithic Age: Having a Place to Defend | People didn't become Neolithic at the exact same time, so naturally the Paleolithic people would raid the Neolithic people. Neolithic people now have a need to defend their homes and food, which leads to a need for weapons, which leads to the discovery of bronze and iron being used for battles and farming tools. | 5 | |
| 163611699 | Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution | •The building of houses •Trade •Division of labor- people began to specialize in certain crafts oPottery oWoven baskets oCloth was made from plant fibers oStone tools were better refined into flint blades •Men worked in the fields and herded the animals •Women remained at home and preformed household task that required considerable labor •Men began to play a more dominant role in human society •Invention of: oWriting oMetal usage oArmies and walled cities to prevent plunder from outsiders oConcentration of populations near and in river valleys | 6 | |
| 163611700 | Characteristics of Civilization | oAn urban focus oNew political and military structures oA new social structure based on economic power oThe development of more complexity in a material sense oA distinct religious structure oThe development of writing oNew and significant artistic and intellectual activity | 7 | |
| 163611701 | Mesopotamia Layout | Like Classical Greek, Ancient Mesopotamia was a mixture of independent city states that acted as their own sovereign governments—during its early years. This period of time is commonly called the Sumerian period, with Ur, Nippur and Uruk as some of the larger city states. During this period, the city states were constantly at war, making the area vulnerable to invasions. Many of these city states united to form common goals—such as building irrigation systems or canals due to the arid environment. A prominent example of Mesopotamia uniting to form one political state is the Babylonian Empire, united under their great leader Hammurabi | 8 | |
| 163611702 | Mesopotamia Architecture | •Cities were surrounded by walls •Houses built of sundried bricks •Temple was the grandest building in the city, called ziggurats | 9 | |
| 163611703 | Sargon's Empire | Akkadians (aka Semitic people) overran the Sumerian city-states and set up a new empire led by Sargon in 2340 BCE. Attacks from the neighboring hill people led to the end of the empire in 2100 BCE, leaving the empire back in its old ways of constantly warring city-states | 10 | |
| 163611704 | Hammurabi's Empire | •1792-1750 BCE •Hammurabi was the leader of an army that conquered many city-states | 11 | |
| 163611705 | The Code of Hammurabi: Society in Mesopotamia | •Focused on "an eye for an eye" concept of punishment •Punishments for actions against upperclassmen were more severe than those for actions against lowerclassmen •Marriages were arranged •Women had few rights, but could run taverns and receive bad dowries if they divorced their husbands for justifiable reasons •Men were allowed extramarital sex •Incest was prohibited • Father ruled not only his wife, but also his children | 12 | |
| 163611706 | Mesopotamia Economy | ... | 13 | |
| 163611707 | Mesopotamia Social Structure | oKings, nobles and rulers They got their title from doing a superior job as a warrior. After the ruling class was first developed, the royal status soon became hereditary Kings were believed to be of divine origin, given power and support by the gods Ran the armies and organized workers for irrigation projects Lived in large palaces with their wives and children Priests and priestesses played a huge part in the role of ruling the cities Sumerians believed that the gods ran the city, making their government a theocracy oTeachers, labors, merchants, etc. oSlaves and prisoners oPatriarchy is reinforced by the Code of Hammurabi Men are the head of the household and have many more rights than the majority of women have. Men are allowed to sell their wife or children to pay off their dept. Not only do men rule in the household, but they also rule in the public such as politics. | 14 | |
| 163611708 | Mesopotamian Religion | oPolytheistic belief system that had gods that were related to the lives of Mesopotamians. oFor example, there was a central god for Babylonian rule and then a different one during the rule of Assyrians oNature-related gods oBecause of the terror of the unpredictable floods, people had a pessimistic view of the gods and human life in general oAttempted to predict the intentions of the gods through divination | 15 | |
| 163611709 | Mesopotamia Science | oCuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh oMade outstanding achievements in mathematics and astronomy oUsed a lot of geometry for measuring fields oCalendar was based on the twelve lunar months | 16 | |
| 163611710 | The Impact of Geography on Ancient Egypt | oNile runs up stream o Forms a delta in the north where most of the ancient life was o Sides of the Nile are called the "Black Land" for the color of the silt deposited by the river o Nile floods annual, depositing rich, fertile soil on its banks o Flooding was more regular o Egyptians had a better view of the Nile than the Sumerians did of their rivers o The Nile did the following Helped create a surplus because of its rich banks Created an easy mode of transportation o Communication was easier o Natural barriers (seas and deserts) gave Egyptians security | 17 | |
| 163611711 | The Old Kingdom | oAt first the land consisted of numerous populations ruled by local chieftains o3100 BCE, the first royal dynasty under a king named Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt oCapital: Memphis oKingship was divine (pharaohs) oViziers and nomarchs are aides to the king | 18 | |
| 163611712 | The Middle Kingdom | oLasted from around 2055 to 1605 BCE oBoundaries of provinces were reorganized oPharaohs had to care about the peoples' interests | 19 | |
| 163611713 | Ancient Egypt Social Classes | The social Classes of ancient Egypt consisted of Slaves and farmers at the bottom, Farmers, skilled workers and merchants, scribes, soldiers, government officials/nobles/priests and the pharaoh at the top. The Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt was considered a god. Pharaohs had absolute power over all their subjects. Priests and nobles were directly below the pharaoh in the social hierarchy. Nobles were the only ones able to hold government positions. Priests had the responsibility of pleasing the gods. Soldiers were the next lowest class. While they were not at war or quelling domestic uprisings they were often in charge of supervising the construction of pyramids and palaces. Scribes had the responsibility of recording history, drawing up contracts, or other jobs such as calculating the amount of food need for the tomb builders. Skilled workers such as jewelers, physicians, and potters made up the middle class. At the bottom of the social Hierarchy were the farmers and slaves. Slaves were usually prisoners of war and were either forced to work on building projects or were servants for the pharaoh and the nobles. Farmers were forced to pay a lot of taxes and their lives were difficult. | 20 | |
| 163611714 | Social Mobility in Ancient Egypt | Although Social Mobility was not impossible it was rare. Families could save their money to send their sons to learn trades in schools. Boys who became literate could become scribes and work their way up through the bureaucracy. | 21 | |
| 163611715 | Gender Differences in Ancient Egypt | There was even a female pharaoh named Hatshepsut. Women could manage and dispose of property. Significantly fewer women were educated than males and most were in the upper classes. All occupations were open to both men and women. Marriages in Ancient Egypt were very important although neither religious nor legal ceremonies were needed. Remarriage after a spouse's death was very common. A divorce could be at either the man's or wife's will. of the Rosetta Stone | 22 | |
| 163611716 | Ancient Egypt | The Ancient Egyptians were a river valley civilization located in the northeast corner of the African continent. Their culture was very complex, especially for such an early civilization. The civilization began around 3150 BC, and lasted until 31 BC, when the pharaohs were replaced by a Roman government. | 23 | |
| 163611717 | Catal Huyuk | Located in modern-day Turkey Population probably reached 6000 people People lived in mud brick houses People still hunt, but not for survival Religious shrines housing figures of gods and goddesses | 24 | |
| 163611718 | Indus River Valley Social Structure | Also called the Harappan Society, the Indus River Valley Civilization was wealthy and had booming economic centers. Some professions in these economic centers were goldsmiths, potters, weavers, masons, and architects. They did not make pyramids, palaces or tombs.Wealth in the civilization made people divide in different social groups/classes. Almost all houses had private bathrooms with running water that went into the city sewage systems. Mohenjo-daro, a city in the Harappan society, had some of the best water and sewage systems at the time. Harappans had a lot of statues, drawings, and figurines that showed how advanced they were in gold, bronze, and copper metallurgy. Harappans had gods and goddesses that represented fertility. The decline of the civilization was believed to be because of deforestation, which led to erosion. Because agriculture was so important to the society it made the economy weaken. Another reason for the decline was believed to be because of regular flooding of the Indus River or Earthquakes. | 25 | |
| 163611719 | Indus River Valley Culture | Early civilization first began to settle in the Indus River Valley. People were moving from nomadic to civilized people. In settling down social classes and gender relations began to develop. Some jobs were seen more important than others and therefore people began to naturally organize into social classes defined by importance, wealth, and power. Gender relations began to change as well. Women who were seen equal to men during nomadic times were now taking a new role. Women's job began to become taking care of children and other jobs that required the woman to stay at home. The aryan people began to settle in the Indus River Valley and they brought sacred traditions with them. The social classes organized into the priests, then a warrior class, and finally a farming class. It is believed that priests were in charge of military operations, and trading. | 26 | |
| 163611720 | Decline of Ancient Egypt | Under Ramses II, the Egyptians retained control of Palestine but were unable to reestablish borders. New invasions drove the Egyptians away. | 27 | |
| 163694706 | Shang Language | Many languages were spoken by the people of the Shang Dynasty so the above writing system is what allowed them to communicate with one another. This formed a centripetal force within the dynasty, a force that brought the people of the Shang together by giving them a common language. | 28 | |
| 163694707 | Shang Tools | Since the Shang Dynasty was a civilization that came after the invention and use of bronze, many of their tools, weapons, and crafts were made of bronze. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and is therefore much stronger. Bronze was used for military weapons and since job specialization was possible, bronze was used in their crafts as well. Horse-drawn chariots also came into play during the Shang Dynasty and were used for transportation and military purposes. | 29 | |
| 163694708 | Shang and other Nations | Because of the Shang's location, it was geographically separated from many of the other river valley civilizations. This means that the Shang was very independent and used many of the resources found on its own land. However, evidence has shown that the Shang probably traded with the Indus Valley civilization. | 30 | |
| 163694709 | Shang Social Structure | The Shang Dynasty was one of the first classical civilizations of China. Their social structure was made up of the Ruling Elites (warriors, aristocrats, etc.) at the top, followed by the Artisans (painters, potters, etc), and the farmers, peasants and slaves. The ruling elites owned most of the land but were often the smallest percentage of citizens, while the farmers and peasants were the largest class but also the poorest of the hierarchy and lived in famish and poverty. The Shang Dynasty was also a patriarchal society with unequal gender relations, as were much of the classical civilizations at the time. Women were lower than men and were subjected to women's work (tending to the children and needs of the husband). Men also married multiple times and women were used as concubines. In the family, sons were preferred over daughters and infanticide (killing children) was practiced to rid the family of girls or children with problems. | 31 | |
| 163694710 | Olmec Art | The Olmecs did a lot of art using many different materials, like jade, clay and basalt, and was very naturalistic. Olmec religion was performed by rulers and shamans, because they had links to the gods. The Olmec may have practiced human sacrifice to their gods. The term "Olmec" means Rubber People, because the Olmec may have had rubber as early as 1600 B.C.E. | 32 | |
| 163694711 | Mayan Religion | Maya religion is still not totally understood by scholars today. It is known, however, that they believed in an underworld, the sky, and the Earth. The Maya believed that time went in a cycle, and therefore, if you knew that past, then you knew what would happen in the future. They also developed a 365 day cycle which is much like our solar year. The Maya made many ancient murals and also a lot of pottery. | 33 | |
| 163694712 | Teotihuacan Culture | The Teotihuacan also copied much of their culture from the Olmec. The also expanded the Olmec symbols into an entire system of writing. They had an earth god and a rain god and they also had human sacrifices. The works of art fromthe declining period of the Teotihuacan had many jaguars, eagles and coyotes, animals that Mesoamericans associated with war. They were defeated by invaders that burned almost the entire city so most of their books were also burned. | 34 | |
| 163694713 | Aztec Social Structure | The Aztecs had a hierarchy headed by the Huey Tatiana. The social classes of the Aztecs were in two main group nobles and common people. The noble group consisted of the lords, high priest, important warriors, and judges. The common group consisted of the common people which did nothing special they were just lived their lives and worked like everyone else and at the bottom of the common group were the slaves. As the empire grow and expanded it started getting harder for the resources to be moved from city to city so a middle class formed of merchants. | 35 | |
| 163694714 | Mayan Social Structure | The highest ranking person in each city was called the Halach Unic. The Mayans had 3 main classes there was royalty, wealthy, and poor. The royalty lived in the palaces and were the leaders of the Mayan empire. The wealthy usually lived in large houses around the palace to signify their wealth. The poor lived along the outskirts of towns in small huts and usually worked all day just as slaves. | 36 | |
| 163694715 | Incan Social Structure | The leader of the Inca Empire was the Sapa Inca under him was four governors from the four corners of the empire. The Incas had 3 classes much like the Mayans; the top class was the Royalty which included the royal family of the Sapa Inca, followed by the Nobles which included High chiefs, last was the Ayllu or the general public which included everyone else | 37 | |
| 163694716 | Israel Division | Due to tension, Israel split into two states - Israel and Judah - after the death of Solomon. Judah was plagued by the Assyrians but maintained their independence. The Chaldeans conquered Judah in 586 BC. The Persions destroyed teh Chaldeans and allowed the people to return home | 38 | |
| 163694717 | Assyria | Semitic people who used iron Ruled by kings with absolute power -well organized empires United by language and religion Loyal to the king Effective military leaders and soldiers Use of terror as warfare International trade Unkind to their conquered Ashurbanipal was one of the strongest Assyrian rulers Became over-extended Subject peoples rebelled against it, and therefore the empire soon collapsed | 39 | |
| 163694718 | New Centers of Civilization | •Farming spread to the Balkan peninsula by 6500 BCE •Megalithic structures, or large buildings made out of stone, were built | 40 | |
| 163694719 | Assyrian Culture | Kings tried to maintain the old traditions of Sumerians and Babylonians | 41 | |
| 163694720 | Hittites | •Hittite Kingdom around 1750 BCE was a mix of the native population and Indo-Europeans •Made use of iron • Were destroyed around 1200 BCE by other groups of Indo-Europeans | 42 | |
| 163694721 | Phoenicians | •Semitic speaking people •Lived in the area of Palestine •Were great sea traders •Used writing •Ultimately fell subject to the Assyrians and Persians | 43 | |
| 163694722 | King Saul | (1020-1000 BCE) Achieved success in struggle with the Philistines After his death a brief period of anarchy ensued | 44 | |
| 163694723 | King David | (1000-970 BCE) Reunited the Israelites Made Jerusalem the capital city | 45 | |
| 163694724 | King Solomon | (970-930 BCE) Expanded trade Built the temple in Jerusalem | 46 | |
| 163694725 | The Persian Empire | Were an Indo-European speaking people from southwestern Iran Were organized into tribes until the Achaemenid dynasty unified the tribes | 47 | |
| 163694726 | Cyrus the Great | In 550 BCE, he extended Persian control over the Medes, making the first satrapy, or province Defeated the Lydian Kingdom Defeated some Greek city-states Captured Babylon, but allowed them to be ruled by a satrap, or a governor Permitted the Jews to return to Jerusalem Had a reputation for mercy | 48 | |
| 163694727 | Expanding the Persian Empire | His son and grandson continued successfully invading empires Revolts in Greece gave them some problems, forcing them to become more involved there | 49 | |
| 163694728 | Governing the Persian Empire | Satraps collected tributes Well-maintained roads allowed for easy transportation and communication | 50 |
