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| 156185850 | Peloponnesian War | between Athens and Sparta (peloponnesian league and delian league). A plague and defeat at Syracuse weakens Athens, but Sparta doesnt destroy them out of respect. This made sparta more vulnerable to outside aggression. | 0 | |
| 156185851 | Alexander the Great | conquered the Persian empire. Divided territory into three realms: Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid. Hellenism thrived even though it wasnt a native greek ruler. Economies were revived through trade. Empire crubled after Alexander the Great and the romans rose. | 1 | |
| 156185852 | Ancient Rome | Geographically isolated - protected from outsiders. Also at a crossroad so it was a perfect location for trade. Social structure comprised of patricians (land owning nobles), plebians (everyone else), and slaves. Government made up of the Senate and the Assembly. Were a republic instead of a democracy, so the people elected representatives instead of voting on everything. Used two consuls. Law code = Twelve Tables of Rome . Centered on pater familias - eldest males in the family. | 2 | |
| 156185853 | Punic Wars | battled Carthage in North Africa. There were three wars: the first fought for control of sicily - Roman victory. Second - Hannibal ambushed the romans from the north. But hannibal had to retreat back to carthage relatively quickly. Third - Rome invaded Carthage and burned it to the ground. | 3 | |
| 156185854 | First Triumverate | pompey, Crasses and Caesar. Caesar conquered Gaul and other parts of Europe - but NOT germany. War led to Caesar pushing pompey and crassus out of the picture and becoming emperor for life. | 4 | |
| 156185855 | Second Triumverate | After Caesar's death, the government began to be led by Ocatavius, Marc Anthony, and Lepidus. Octavius achieves dominance and took the name Augustus Caesar (emperor). Stability returned to Rome (known as the period of Pax Romana). Roman empire expands farther than ever before. Growth of arts, sciences, etc. Ptomlemy lived during this time | 5 | |
| 156185856 | Religion in Ancient Rome | Paganism = state religion. Had to make sacrifices to Roman gods. But after Augustus, Christianity became popular. Both Judaism and Christianity were tolorated by the romans until Nero began persecuting christians. Emperor Constatntine ussued the edict of Milan to end the persecution and Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman empire. | 6 | |
| 156185857 | Christianity | grew out of Judaism. | 7 | |
| 156185858 | Collpase of the Maya | Nobody knows why - but they began to desert their cities in the ninth century. | 8 | |
| 156185859 | Collapse of the Han Dynasty | want mang established the Xin Dynasty. He tried to improve China, but he ended up just making everything worse. Attempted reforms and war on the edges of the empore along with the devastation due to the flooding of the yellow river make the Xin Dynasty die as well. the han dynasty was once again restored but the government had gone through too much and just collapsed. | 9 | |
| 156185860 | collapse of the gupta empire | Huns invaded India, and the empire slowly lost more and more influence to these Huns | 10 | |
| 156189098 | collapse of the Western portion of the Roman empire | combination of internal decay, external pressure, the sheer size of the empire, and the succession of a few weak leaders, led the empire to collapse. Diocletian tried to divide the empire, which just led to civil war. Constantine tried to move the capital to constantinople but he struggled with the economy and external pressite. The the Visigoths and the Huns (led by Attila) began to press on the roman empire. the visigoths sacked rome in 41- and by 476 the roman emperor had been deposed. the fall of the western hald of the roman empire was complete. the eastern half would survive, but not as the roman empire. it became the byzantine empire. | 11 | |
| 156813056 | daoism | based in china. Founded by Lao-tzu. The Dao is "the way" of nature, or "the way" one should behave. it is passive. the ultimate goal is to achieve harmony with nature. the counterbalanced active chinese confucianism. but it was still able to coexist with confucianism, bhuddism, and legalism. | 12 | |
| 156813057 | legalism | practiced by Chinese, particularly during the Qin Dynasty. Focused on a highly centralized government because it didnt trust human nature. They focused on rationality. This philosophy unified China quickly and helped them achieve accomplishments like the great wall, but caused resentment among its citizens. it led to the creation of confucianism and daoism. | 13 | |
| 156813058 | Hinduism | Practiced in India. Began with the Aryans. Primarily concerned with Brahma, the creator of everything. they believed in rebirth, and that the caste one was born into was based on their adherence to the dharma. The ultimate goal is to merge with Brahma in a process called moksha. The sacred texts of hinduism are the vedas and upanishads. it was the cause of the creation of the caste system. it also led to bhuddism. | 14 | |
| 156813059 | Bhuddism | practiced in india, china, and southeast asia. founded by siddhartha gautama. he searched for the meaning of human life until he became the enlightened one. he created the four noble truths and the eightfold path. the ultimate goal is to achieve nirvana. this could take many lifetimes, meaning they also believed in reincarnation. split into theravada and mahayana bhuddism. Appealed to the members of the lower class. Bhuddism was consumed by Hinduism. | 15 | |
| 156813060 | the four noble truths | all life is suffering, suffering is caused by desire, the way to end suffering is to end desire, the way to end desiring is through the eightfold path. | 16 | |
| 156813061 | the eightfold path | right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right endeavor, right mindfulness, right meditation | 17 | |
| 156813062 | theravada bhuddism | emphasizes meditation, simplicity, and an interpretation of nirvana as the renunciation of human consiousness and of the self. Bhudda is not considered a god. more practical. | 18 | |
| 156813063 | mahayana bhuddism | claims that there is an exact path one must follow in order to achieve nirvana. followed the original teachings of bhudda and turned him into a god. more radical. | 19 | |
| 156813064 | judaism | practiced by the hebrews. First monotheistic faith. believed that if they were faithful to God, he would preserve them for all eternity. Believed in an afterlife - and that if they were faithful to god it would be paradise. Beliefs contained in the Torah. Spawned the creation of islam and christianity. | 20 | |
| 156813065 | christianity | Spread among the hebrew community until it expanded to the roman empire. founded by jesus of nazareth. He was crucified for the sins of his people, and his followers believed that he returned to heaven. based on the old and new testaments of the bible. they believe that jesus christ is the son of God and that forgiveness is only achieved through belief in the divinity, death, and resurection of christ. Christians felt that it was their duty to spread their faith. it was spread by paul of tarus and the disciple of jesus. it spread gradually | 21 | |
| 156813066 | the role of women in the first time period | women lost power as people became sedentary. depended on the society, but both bhuddism and christianity made women equals. but hinduism wouldnt even let women read the sacred vedas | 22 | |
| 156843557 | Islam | monotheistic. followers called muslims. led by mohammad. teaching recorded in the Qu'ran. Believe that salvation is due to submission to god, which can be achieved through the five pillars of islam. also guided by the concept of jihad meaning "to struggle". believe that moses, mohammad, and jesus are all prophets and that mohammad was the last great prophet. split into shia and sunni. | 23 | |
| 156843559 | the five pillars of islam | confession of faith, prayer five times per day, charity to the needy, fasting during the month-long ramadan, pilgrimage to mecca at least once during one's lifetime. | 24 | |
| 156843561 | mohammad's life | born in mecca, he was exposed to lots of different faiths. he preached christianity until the leaders gpt mad at him and him and his followers fled to medina (known as the first HIJRA) where they found support and went back and destroyed all pagan shrines in mecca. gained followers. | 25 | |
| 156941667 | Islam after Mohammad | Aby Bakr became caliph - sort of an emperor and religiou leader in one. Government called a caliphate - theocratic government. No clear line of succession afterwards until the fomation of the Umayyad Dynasty. The capital of Islam was moved to Damascus in Syria with Mecca as the spiritual center. Th islamic Empire spread during the Umayyad period, until they dominated the south (christians dominated the north). But Charles Martel stopped muslim expansion. The Dome of the Rock was built (a famous temple thing) After the Shiita/ Sunni split the Abbasid Dynasty reigned. | 26 | |
| 156941668 | Shiite (shia) islam | claims that Mohammad's son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire | 27 | |
| 156941669 | Sunni Islam | while they hold Ali in high esteem, they did not believe that power should be given to the bloodline of Mohammad. They claimed that rulers should be chosen from the broad base of the people. | 28 | |
| 156941670 | The Abbasid Dynasty | Was a golden age for Islam - beautiful capital in baghdad, which became one of the great cultural centers in the world. Society was based around trade. Mohammas al-Razi produced an encyclopedia. They defeated the chinese in the BATTLE OF TALUS RIVER and won control of the silk road. the chinese exposed them to the invention of paper. monopolized trade routes. Are credited for preserving western culture. Translated the classics of ancient greek and rome into arabic. Battled with the christians over the Levant, and many europeans found some of their own culture in arabic libraries. | 29 | |
| 156941671 | the Sufis | aggressive missionaries trying to convert people to islam. | 30 | |
| 156941672 | women in islam | Before, they were viewed as property of men. baby males were more valued than baby males - leading to female infanticide. However, after the Qu'ran came out, women gained considerable influence. Women were considered equal in front of Allah. The religion banned female infanticide after it began, and had power mostly within the home. But it was still a patriarchial society. | 31 | |
| 156941673 | decline of the islamic caliphates | internal struggles, mostly between the shiites and the sunnis. then the turkish slaves, called mamaluks, revolted and established a new capital in Summara, Iraq. But the Mongols were the ones who finally defeated them. The islamic empire became the a new empire ruled by the ottoman turks. | 32 | |
| 156941674 | middle ages definition | period after the fall of rome but before the renaissance | 33 | |
| 157050892 | the byzantine empire and the roman empire | the roman empire had deteriorated into two different sects: the western half (dead) and the eastern half, which became the byzantine empire. The Byzantine empire was a lot more centralized and organized than the western empire. They both practiced christianity, though not in the same way (roman catholocism vs. christian orthodoxy) | 34 | |
| 157050893 | the byzantine empire | greek language, distinctive domes, followed Orthodox Christianity, ruled by an absolute authority. Thrived under JUSTINIAN: the justinian code was a law code that kept roman legal principles alive. and the arts and sciences fluourished (HAGIA SOPHIA = famous cathedral). Secular leaders headed the church | 35 | |
| 157050894 | roman catholocism vs. christian orthodoxy | roman catholic - centralized, ruled by pope, more religious; christian orthodoxy - localized, ruled b secular leader, more secular | 36 | |
| 157050895 | Orthodoxy in Europe | penetrated southeast europe and russia because of ST. CYRIL. VLADMIR, the prnce of russia, converted to orthodoxy, leading russia to become culturally different from the majority of europe overtime. | 37 | |
| 157050896 | foundation of the Holy Roman Empire | a germanic tribe called the Franks defeated the muslims in france in the battle of tours and established he carolingian dynasty under the control of Pepin. Pepin's son, later known as Charlemagne, built the Holy Roman Empire with its first king being Otto the Great. | 38 | |
| 157050897 | the holy roman empire | Under Charlemagne, the arts and education were emphasized as well as religion. structured arounf feudalism. divided among the grandchildren of charlemange in the treaty of verdum. | 39 | |
| 157050898 | vikings | from scandinavia. skilled raiders because they lived on islands (limited resources) but were also merchants and fisherman. famous viking = WILLIAM who conquered Anglo-Saxon England in 1066. | 40 | |
| 157050899 | feudalism | political/ social system in the middle ages = king -> nobles -> vassals (in control of individual fiefs/manors) -> peasants | 41 | |
| 157050900 | medieval society | peasants were self-sufficient - used the three-field system. agricultural surplusses allowed other professions to be pursued. many peasant conflicts with the nobility. followed the code of chivalry. patriarchial society. power was passed down through primogeniture (to the eldest son, eldest son, etc.) Serfs had few rights - tied to the land. began trading with the rest of the world. emergence of a middle class. | 42 | |
| 157254510 | burghers | middle class merchants | 43 | |
| 157254511 | hanseatic league | alliance of cities that controlled trade throughout most of northern europe. it was established to create common trade practices, fight off pirates and foreign governments, and essentially establish a trade monopoly from the region to much of the rest of the world. over 100 cities joined over time. | 44 | |
| 157254512 | the crusades | military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the elevneth through fourteenth centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity | 45 | |
| 157254513 | the first crusade | The christian city of jerusalem was taken over by the seljuk turks, who were not tolorant of christians. So, the christians wanted to take it back. The Byzantine Emperor requests that Pope Urban unite some troops. Pope Urban used this crusade as a way to unite the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic church, and many people responded emphatically. The Christians attacked Jerusalem, Palestine, and Syria. They took the land and divided it up amongst themselves. | 46 | |
| 157254514 | second crusade | muslims conquered the city of Edessa, which upset the pope so he made a guy named bernard launch a second crusade. many other countries declared crusades as well, but there was a dearth in supplies and the muslims were strong so their siege failed and edessa remained in muslim hands | 47 | |
| 157254515 | thrid crusade | barbossa, richard the lion hearted, and phillip augustus launched it to gain jerusalem back from the muslims. only richard ended up attacking the muslims though. the muslims were able to keep control of jerusalem. | 48 | |
| 157254516 | fourth crusade | pope innocent III asked for venice's help in launching a new crusade, but they said they'd perticipate as equals. he asked other religious leaders as well, but tried to keep kings out of it. They never captured jerusalem, but they did get constantinople, which they established as their new capital | 49 | |
| 157254517 | conflict with the church in the middle ages | herecies became more common, the ideas of aristotle, ptolemy, etc. conflicted with church beliefs, and scholasticism became more common (progression in education). | 50 | |
| 157254518 | inquisition | formalized interrogation and persecution of heretics. also known as the universal church of the church militant. | 51 | |
| 157254519 | summa theologica | a book by thomas aquinas that said that faith and reason were not in conflict | 52 | |
| 157254520 | interrgnum | a period between kings or governments | 53 | |
| 157254521 | unification of england | during the rule of king john, peasants rebelled and forced him to sign the magna carta, which gave people rights and laid the foundation for parliament. Parliament was established and divided into the house of lords (legal stuff) and the house of commons (taxes and finances). this led england to establish its identitiy pretty early on | 54 | |
| 157254522 | unification of france | during the reign of king hugo capet, england began to invade french speaking areas (not actually french yet) leading to revolts. (a particularly famous one led by young joan of arc). Eventually it became the hundred years' war, which England won, but France still centralized its power and unified itself as a nation under a series of monarchs known as bourbons | 55 | |
| 157254523 | unification of spain | queen isabella and ferdinand combined their kingdoms and enlisted the catholic church as their ally. they persecuted anyone who was not catholic (known as the spanish inquisition) | 56 | |
| 157254524 | russia during the middle ages | succumbed to the tatars under genghis khan (mongols). but the mongol power waned and the muscovy influence grew until Ivan III declared himself czar. he became known as ivan the terrible because he centralized government and used secret police, persecution, etc. | 57 | |
| 157254525 | T'ang Dynasty | china expanded under emperor xuanzong, but it became so big that warlords were able to come in and cause its collapse. famous for its poetry. used the civil service exams. expanded transportation, paper money, and letters of credit. power was based on the military. founded the tribute system. during this dynasty was the reign of wu zhao, the first and only empress of china. | 58 | |
| 157254526 | Song Dynasty | prospered under emperor taizu, but fell to the jurchen and mongols. developed the printing process (moveable type) which led to an increase in literacy. used the civil service exams. expanded transportation, paper money, and letters of credit. iron production waaaay increased, and invented steel. population rose a lot. | 59 | |
| 157254527 | women in china during the middle ages | much inferior. had to endure the process of foot binding. | 60 | |
| 157254528 | religion in china during the middle ages | primarily bhuddism: mahayana and chan. mahayana stressed life outside of worldly values. chan = zen bhuddism = popular among the educated. | 61 | |
| 157259296 | neo-confucianism | daoists and confucians began to get angry at the prevalence of bhuddism in asia. So, in response, confucians created a more moderate version of confucianism. it became the focus of the song dynasty. | 62 | |
| 157259297 | japan in the middle ages | led by the yamato clan, primarily followed shintoism (worshipped fami, or nature and all of the forces of nature). but eventually chinese missionaries came over and japan adopted many aspects of chinese culture. but bhuddism and shintoism were able to coexist. later, prince shotoku bassed the taika reforms, which made japan resemble china even more. then the capital was moved to heian and was ruled by the fujiwara family, when it experienced a golden age. | 63 | |
| 157259298 | korea in the middle ages | a vassal state of t'ang china. | 64 | |
| 157259299 | vietnam in the middle ages | resistant to t'ang authorities - maintained confucianism, but had constant battles with chinese | 65 | |
| 157266471 | delhi sultanate | government with a bunch of islamic sultans who disliked hinduism. the majority of indians still held onto hinduism, but the sultans often destroyed temples, and persecuted hindus. but a lot of progress was also made under these sultans - universities were founded, irrigation was improved, etc. | 66 | |
| 157266472 | the mongol tribes | unified by genghis khan, he created a huge mongol empire that was divided into hordes. the goldern horde was stationed in russia. in china, mongol forces were led by kublai khan. led by timur lang, they destroyed much of india and massacred thousands. They were so aggressive that many people just gave in once they learned that the mongols were pursueing them. once their domain was established, they stopped being as ruthless and the period known as pax mongolica began. however, they never had a golden age. they didnt really have an individual culture. this was because it generally accepted the native practices of any area it conquered. over time, amny mongols were assimilated into many societies. | 67 | |
| 157272837 | impacts of the mongol invasions | because the mongols were in russia for so long, they didnt unify or develop a culture in the same way as the west. Also, their empire was so vast that people became more aware of what was around them and world trade increased. | 68 | |
| 157272838 | kush and axum | kush developed into axum around the same time as ancient egypt. axum traded ivory and gold, practiced both christianity and islam (which kept it in contact with the mediterranean) | 69 | |
| 157467835 | the aztecs | also known as the mexica, they built they're civilization in current -day mexico with Tenochtitlan as their capital. they dominated all the areas around them, but allowed the areas they conquered to govern themselves. Women mostly worked in the home. The aztec religious system was tied to the military because they took people from the areas they conquered as human sacrifices. | 70 | |
| 157467836 | the incas | located in the andes mtns in peru. they also controlled lots of territory along the south american coastline. majority of labor was human. were polythesitic, centered around their sun god. had a strong sense of morals - punishment for bad and reward for good. everything was owned by the ruler, who was thought to have descended from the sun god. they were very skilled builders - they are famous for the construction of the temple od the sun and machu picchu. they also created a record keeping system (knots in string) calld quipu. | 71 | |
| 157467837 | indian ocean trade | dominated by the persians and the arabs. dependent on the monsoons. | 72 | |
| 157467838 | the silk road | connected china to the mediterranean, carried much more than silk - carried religion and other food. | 73 | |
| 157467839 | reasons people moved around other than conquest and trade | populations grew, causing people to need to spread out. cities were established with the purpose of attracting people. and pilgrimages. | 74 | |
| 157481305 | treaty of tordesillas | portugal and spain were fighting over territory, so they established the treaty of tordesillas, which made a line of demarcation on a longitudinal (morth-south) line that runs through the western atlantic ocean. everything to the east of the line belonged to portugal and everything on the west belonged to spain. | 75 | |
| 157481306 | amerigo vespucci | he explored south america on several trips around 1500; realized that the continent was huge and not part of asia; america was named for him | 76 | |
| 157481307 | ponce de leon | in 1513, he explored florida for spain in search of the fountain of youth | 77 | |
| 157481308 | vasco de balboa | in 1513, he explored much of central america for spain; laid sight on the pacific ocean | 78 | |
| 157481309 | ferdinand magellan | in 1519, he sailed around the tip of south america to the pacific ocean for portugal. he made it as far as the philippinesm where he diedl his crew continued, however, and became the first to circumnavigate the globe. | 79 | |
| 157481310 | giovanni de verrazano | in 1524, he explored the north american coast for france | 80 | |
| 157481311 | sir francis drake | in 1578, he became the first englishman to circumnavigate the globe | 81 | |
| 157481312 | john cabot | in 1597, he explored the coast of north america for england | 82 | |
| 157481313 | henry hudson | in 1609, he sailed for the dutch looking for a northwest passafe to asia; explored the hudson river and made claims to the area for the dutch | 83 | |
| 157481314 | technology that helped cause exploration | sternpost rudder (from han china), lateen sails (allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of wind), the astrolabe (portable navigation systems), the magnetic compass, and three-masted caravels | 84 | |
| 157481315 | spain after ferdinand and isabella | controlled by Charles V (a hapsburg), who was the holy roman emperor, therefore had control over lots of territory other than spain. he had so much land to rule that he decided to abdicate the throne and gave control to his brother Phillip II. Under Phillip II, there was a LOT of expansion for Spain. This was also the period of the Spanis Inquisition. But then the Spanish armada was defeated byEngland and its power deteriorated. | 85 | |
| 157481316 | Habeas Corpus Act | an act that protects people from arrests without due processes | 86 | |
| 157481317 | the Holy Roman Empire circa 1450 - 1750 | lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks in the early sixteenth century, the thirty years wat devastated the region and significantly weakened the role o the holy roman emperors inthe section of the ottoman empire. by the eighteenth century, the northern german city-states, especially Prussia, were gaining momentum and power. | 87 | |
| 157481318 | russia out of isolation | Russian leaders were overthrowing the Mongols. Ivan III declared them free of Mongol Rule Ivan IV established absolute rule in russia and expanded russia. the land was conquered by the peasants, known as the Cossacks. Ivan IV became known as Ivan the Terrible because he expanded so far and ruled so ruthlessly. After Ivan the Terrible's death, Russia went into a period called the Time of Troubles because so many people tried to take the throne and failed. The Michael Romanov took the throne and was just as harsh as Ivan the Terrible had been. The Peter the Great came along and decided to Westernize Russia. Then Catherine the Great rose to power and continued to Westernize but also inforced repressive serfdom, which hurt Russia. | 88 |
