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| 4300676039 | Hominids (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa -Humankike creatures called primates -MAry and Louis Leakey excavated hominid fossils in the Great Rift Valley -"Lucy," an Australopithecine fossil, found in 1974 -Three maojr differences from ealier primates: bipedalism (gives ability to walk upright), a sizable brain (enables abstract thought and fine motor control), and a layrnx (allows for a complex speech) -Thought-processing ability let to alternation of the natural envirmoment to suit human needs | 0 | |
| 4300704992 | Homo sapiens (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Homo sapiens, modern humans, emerged 100,000 to 200,000 years ago -Earliest variant, the Neanderhtal, appeared 100,000 to 250,000 years ago -More adavnced was Cro-Magnon, appeared 60,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Paleolithic Age -Both used adavnced tools, wore clothing, created semipermanent or permanent dwellings, and organized into social groups -Spread from Europe to Africa and Asia | 1 | |
| 4300723742 | Paleolithic Era-Economy (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Called Old Stone Age Greatest cincerns were steady and plentiful food supply and clothing -Stone and bone tools included spears, bow, arrows, fishhooks, harpoons, clay pots -Humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers -Predates agricultural societies | 2 | |
| 4300737586 | Paleolithic Era-Society (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Social Groups: Extended families grew into clans; clans mixed with neighboring groups to form tribes with sophisticated organziation, including chiefs, leaders, and religious figures -Organized warfare with weapons: rocks, clubs, knives, spears, axes, and bows and arrows -Worries or dieties; religious rituals included sacrificess to gods, goddesses, and spirits -Expression through art and music; examples include cave art and flutes -Division of labor assigned by gender:men hunted, women gathered | 3 | |
| 4300764630 | Neolithic Era-Orgins (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Earliest evidence of sedenatry agriculture dates between 10,000 and 8,000 BCE -Called New Stone Age the orgins of agricultural society -Domestication of animals and cultivation was slash-and-burn agriculture -The earliest method of culitvation was slash-and-burn agriculture -Earliest agricultural societies appeared in southwestern Asia and spread to India, Europe, and Asia; Mesoamerica and East Asia most likely developed agricultural techniques independently -People settled down and developed complex societies | 4 | |
| 4300791701 | Neolithic Era-Culture (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Agriculture allowed for food surplus, which in turn led to an increase in population -Permanent villages appeared as people turned to farming and way from hunting and gatheirng -Jericho, in modern-day Israel, was one of the world's first Neolithic villages -Village life encouraged the development of specialized labor-everyone was no longer dedicated to food production -Early industries developed in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles -Specialized labor encouraged the accumulation of wealth and eventually led to the emergence of social classes -Sedentary agricultural societies saw the role and status of women diminish compared with that of hunting and gathering societies | 5 | |
| 4300830734 | Bantu Migrations (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Movement of Africans across the continent of Africa (3000 BCE-500 BCE) -Niger-Congo related languages, and complications, spoken by Kru, Wolof, Ibo, Mande, and Yorba, all part of the Bantu family of languages -Possession of iron metallurgy; tools were used to clear land for agriculture and herding throughout Africa -Bantus reached their limits by 1000 BCE; established decentralized governments-"segmentary societies"-that governed through family and kinship groups -Each village was ruled by a council, made up of male heads of families, and village chief; a group of villages formed a district -Increased conflict amoing Bantus led to the formation of organized militaries and formal government institutions | 6 | |
| 4300866125 | Bronze Age (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Metallurgy originated with the use of copper -In the Neolithic era, copper was combined with tin to create bronze -Bronze tools and weapons were first used in Mesopotamia 4000 BCE-3000 BCE -By 1500-1000 BCE craftsmen in Mesopotamia developed iron tools and weapons; this technology diffused throughout southwestern Asia over time | 7 | |
| 4300881092 | Mesopotamia (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq -Knowledge of irrigation led to an increase in food supply and in population, and by 5000 BCE Sumer was established -The world's first cities emerged in this region, including Ur and Babylon -Sumerian achievements included the development of the first form of writing-cuneiform -Sumerians were polytheistic and built ziggurats to please their gods -Sumer was organized into a series of city-states and each worjed to maintain peace and stability -Large public-works projects, such as canals and bridges, were undertaken to meet the needs of society | 8 | |
| 4300916194 | Nile River Civilization (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Agricultural settlements emerged as early as 5500 BCE, but Egyptian history begins when King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt -Society was ruled by a pharaoh, considered an incarnation of the sun god, who controlled access to the Nile -Many cities were built during the Middle and New Kingdom periods, and an economic network developed -Women were responsible for handling household finances and educating children -A women had the right to divorce, recieve alimony, own property, manage a business, and become a priestess -Hatshepsut, female pharaoh of Egypt -Elaborate polytheistic religion based on concept of life after death-subject of religous text the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Cheif deity: Re, the Sun god -Worshipping dead ed to mummification and the building of tombs/pyramids -Achievements: written language (hieroglyphics), papermaking, field irrigation, bronze tools and weapons, 365-day calendar, monumental architecture | 9 | |
| 4300972540 | Hammurabi's Code (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators (1792-1750 BCE) in the city-state of Babylon -Death penalty for murder, theft, fraud, false accusations, shetlering of runaway slaves, failure to obey royal orders, adultery, and incest -Civil aws regulated prices, wages, commerical dealings, marital relationships, and the conditions of salvary -Relied on the lex talionis ("law of retaliation") and social standing; upper classes were favored -Concept of a consistent written set of rules to givern society, rather than arbitrary rulers, impacted later civlizations | 10 | |
| 4301005150 | Assyrian Empire (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Government consisted of a combination of adminstrative techniques and a powerful and intimidating military machine -Officers in charge of standardized military units were appointed on the basis of merit, skill, and bravery rather than noble birth and familiy conncetions -Used horse-drawn chariots to conquer standing armies -At its height the Assyrian Empire covered much of what is now Mesopotania, Syria, Palestine, as well as much of Anatolia and most of Egypt | 11 | |
| 4301020885 | Iron Metallurgy (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Experimentation began as earky as the fourth millennium BCE -Mesopotamians manufactured effecteive iron and bronze tools and weapons by 1000 BCE -Craftsmen added carbon to iron to increase strength and produce harder and sharper edges -Iron metallurgy spread from Mesopotamia to Anatolia, Egypt, North Africa, and other regions -Assyrians used iron tools to conquer Mesopotamia | 12 | |
| 4301041069 | Patriarchal Society (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Basis of Mesopotamia and Egyptian societies-men made decisions about the divison of household chores among family members, and they arranged marriages -Men dominated public life: They ruled as kings and pahraohs and made decisions about public policy -Evidence of patriarchal society seen in Hammurabi's Code, which entrusted men with all major decision making and judgment, and in Confucian society with the five relatinships -Women were punished for adultery by frowning; men could enage in consenseual sexual relations outsided of marriage without penalty -A man could sell his wife and children into salvery to pay off debt | 13 | |
| 4305158613 | Orgins of Writing (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Cuneiform, the earliest known writing, originated in Mesopotamia -Record keeping for trade purposes became nesscary as soicety became increasingly more complex -Sumerians developed a writing sytem based on pciture (pictographs) in which symbols were made on wet clay and then baked -Egyptians developed heirglyphics | 14 | |
| 4305168215 | Hebrews (8000 BCE-6000 BCE) | -Nomads who originally settles between Mesopotamis and Egypt -Developed the world's first monotheistic religion-the worship of Yahweh -Hebrew Bible contains experiences and practices of Israelites during this period -About 1300 BCE led by Moses, went to Palestine, where they established a kingdom, under David and Solomon -Used Mesopotamian law and politics as a guidw -Ten Commandments | 15 | |
| 4305176779 | Phoenicians (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Lived between eastern Meditteranean Sea and Lebanon -Establishment of city-states thorught the Meditteranean alowed them to dominate trade -Developed a writing system of 22 symbols -Latin alpahbet emerged out of Phoenetic dialect | 16 | |
| 4305182793 | Indus River Civilization (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Two main cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro -Cities well planned and fortified -Standardized weights and measurements -Long-distance trade | 17 | |
| 4305188795 | Aryans (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Originally pastoral nomads who spoke Indo-European languages -Migrated south thorugh the Hindy Kush mountain range and established communities in northern India -Limited agriculture -Domesticated horses -Oral histories -Caste system | 18 | |
| 4305201136 | Vedic Age (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -A period in Indian history between 1500 and 500 BCE -Vedas: Religious work, a collections of songs, hyms, and poemms honoring Aryan gods -Hundred of chiefdoms based on herding communites and agricultural villages were established -Permanent communites -Social heirarchy, based on caste, maintained order and stability | 19 | |
| 4305210525 | Vedas (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Vedas, the primary text of Hinduism -There are four Vedas-most important: Rig Veda -Orally passed down | 20 | |
| 4305215878 | Caste System (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Four main varnas (social classes) -Preists (Brahmins); warriors and aristocrats (kshatriyas); cultivators, artisans, merchants (vaishyas); landless peasants and serfs (shudras) -Occupatoin determined a person's jati, or subcaste | 21 | |
| 4305223506 | Yellow River Civilization-Xia Dynasty (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Huang He mean Yellow River -Unpredictable flooding let to its nickname, China's Sorrow -First attempt to organize public life on a large scale -Legendary founder, Yu, initiatd flood-control projects, organized large-sclae public works, and set up formal government | 22 | |
| 4305239144 | Shang Dynasty (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Earliest recorded dynasty (1750-1027 BCE) -Shang controlled prodcution of bronze by monopolizing mines and employing craftsmen -Used a well-armed military, the Shang extended control to northeastern China -Built extensive an lavish tombs for emperors -Practiced ancestor worship; used oracle bones to divine the future | 23 | |
| 4305301329 | Zhou Dynasty (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Rued by proclamation; military forces and allies disseminated laws and justice -Allied with Shang, adopted customs and culture, and then overthrew Shang king All power and loyalty transferred to Zhou dynasty -Zhou theory of politics: Events of Heaven and Earth are closely related (Mandate of Heaven) -Book of Songs | 24 | |
| 4305310926 | Mandate of Heaven (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Events on Earth and in Heaven are directly connceted -Power to rule comes from heavenly powers; this "Mandate of Heaven" is granted to an individual who is deserving, known as the "son of Heaven" | 25 | |
| 4305314989 | Silk Production (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Silk was first production during the Shang dynasty (1750-1027 BCE) -Silk produced by rasing silkworms on mulberry trees -Luxury product | 26 | |
| 4305318986 | Chavin (8000 BCE-600 BCE) | -Chavin cult began 1000 BCE and spread thorugh Peru -Cult probabaly arose when maize became an important crop in South America; the cult may be have been designed to promote fertility and abundant harvests -Achievements include large temples complexes, elaborate works of art, fishinf nets, experimentation with minerals, techniques of gold, silver, and copper, metallurgy used in the creation of jewelry, and small tools | 27 | |
| 4305332981 | Warring States (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Time of disunity for China (403-221 BCE) many independent states adopted Legalist philosophies as the basis for their rule -Legalism helped the State of Qin to gain contril and unify China -Turmio forced Chinese to become introspective in an attmept to bring peace and unity to China -Development of three significant schools of thought-Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism. This period is also referred to as the Hundred Schools of Thought | 28 | |
| 4305340823 | Olmecs (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Centers of Olmec society: San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes in Central America -Adequate rainfall allowed for construction of drainage; irrigation systems led to abundant harvests -Authoritarian rule led to the creation of extensive public works projects, oncluding altars, temples, pyramids, and tombs | 29 | |
| 4305349834 | Mayan Civilization (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Society located in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador (300-900 CE) -Terrance farming was developed to capture rainwater and silt to increase soil fertility and hence agricultural production: cotton, maize, corn -Achievements: elaboate system of writing, accurate calendar, and concept of zero -Solar year (365 days) set agricultural patterns, and ritual year (260 day) set daily activities and divided the year into 13 onths and 20 days each | 30 | |
| 4305358411 | Mayan Culture (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Built eighty large ceremonial centers, which included pyramids, palaces, and temples; large centers included Paenque, Chichen Itza, and Tikal, the latter with a population of approximately 40,000 people and the Temple of Jaguar -800 CE people abandoned their cities | 31 | |
| 4305365690 | Teotihuacan (600BCE-600 CE) | -City buit in central Mexico because of the abundant supplies of fish; developed agriculture by 500 CE -Two most important monuments: colossal pyramids of the sun and the moon -Artwork suggests a theocratic government | 32 | |
| 4305370490 | Achaemenid Empire (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Includes the Medes and the Persians -Cyrus, an Achaemenid (558-530 BCE) founded Persian imperial empire -Darius (521-486 BCE) younger kinsmen of Cyrus, extended from the Indus River in the east to the Aegean Sea in the west -Darius was more important as an administrator than a conqueror becuase of the size of the empire he managed. He also established a new capital, Persepolis, which became the center of the Persian Empire | 33 | |
| 4305382894 | Achaemenid Adminstration (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Government relied on a balance between central admistration and locally appointed govenors -Darius divided the empire into 23 satrapies-adminstrative and taxation districts governed by satraps-in which he regularized tax levies and standardized laws -To eensure local provinces did not become too powerful, each satrapy was assigned a group of military officers and tax collectors who checked on the satrap's power and independence; also imperial spies -Darius bulit extensive roads: Persian Royal Road -Organized a courier service and built postal stations on Royal Road | 34 | |
| 4305394370 | Persian Wars (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Fought between Greeks adn Achaemenids (500-479 BCE) led to demise of the empire; began when lonian Greek cities revolted against their govenors -Greeks believed the Persians were uncivilized -Herodotus, historian of wars -Persian use of unlimited manpower and resources earned them the reputation as one of the greatest militaries in history -Delian League (led by Athens) formed to discourage future Persian aggression -Darius put down rebellions and reasserted Achaemenid power but ultimately lost to the Athenian army of 10,000 men at Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) | 35 | |
| 4305408336 | Society in Classical Persia (600 BCE-600 CE) | -In the cities, free classes included priests, priestesses, artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and low-ranking civil servants -Women worked in textile production and recieved ration of wine, beer, and sometimes meat for their labor -Slaves were acquired through one of two sources: prisoners of war or civlians who tried to rebel against the imperial government | 36 | |
| 4305418171 | Government in Classical Persia (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Sophisticated government led to the devleopmet of a new class of educated bureaucrats who played an important role in daily affairs of the empire -State-owned slaves provided labor for large-scale construction projects: roads, irrigation systems, city walls, and palaces | 37 | |
| 4305426928 | Economics of Classical Persia (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Agriculture was the foundation of the Persian economy-surpluses were necessary to support, military forces, government administrators, and residents in the cities -Empire controlled fertile land in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, and northern India -Persian Royal Road and sea routes through the Red Sea, Persian Gulfs, and Arabian Sea assisted in trade throughout the empire -Markets in large cities-such as Babylon | 38 | |
| 4305427353 | Zoroastrianism (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Religion bases on the teachings of Zarathustra, who left his family at the age of 20 in the search of wisdom; after ten years he procliamed that visions revelaed to him the supreme god, whom he called Ahura Mazda; this supreme being had chosen him to be hs prophet and spread his message -Major belief: The material world is a blessing; teachings of Ahura Mazda allow enjoyment of everything the world has to offer-but in moderation | 39 | |
| 4305446745 | Confucius (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Lived in China during the Warring States period and sought to resotre order to China -Students recorded his teachings in the Analects -Believed in 5 constant relationships-between the ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. Each person in the relationship had a responsibilty to the other; one was superior and the other inferior | 40 | |
| 4305456576 | Confucianism (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Does not address philosophical or religous questions or the structure of the state. Just wanted to end the Warring States period by finding a balance -The best way to promote good government is to hire people who are well-educateed and conscientious-focused on the formation of Junzi ("superior individiuals"); Junzi looks at public affairs from many different angles with unclouded judgment and thereby, would be able to bring order and stability to society -Stressed importance of moral integrity and fair judgment | 41 | |
| 4305470065 | Daoism (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Reflected on natural principles that govern the world to achieve harmony with nature -Central concept: dao ("the way") lije water, it is soft yet can eride the strongest rocks -Humans should stop trying to achieve personal goals and live very simply in order to achieve harmony with nature | 42 | |
| 4305481651 | Legalism (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Based in the goal of expanding and strengthening the state at all costs-it is described as ruthless and efficent -Strict laws with hard punishments lessen the number of severity of crimes -Community has a collective responsibilty for the law-people should watch each other closely | 43 | |
| 4305489902 | Qin Dynasty (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Used Legalist philiosophy to restore stability to CHina and end the Warring States period -Gave peasants land rights to farm remote territories -Centralized bureaucracy ruled the state -Qin empire expnads, attacking one province at a time and unifying China -Great achievements: standardized weights and measures, scriptwriting | 44 | |
| 4305501443 | Shi Huangdi (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Self proclaimed "first emperor" of China-established centralized rule thorugh large-scale political organization -Central bureaucracy-run from capital at Xianyang- was divided into administrative privinces and districts, each headed by an officer appointed by the emperor -Executed anyone who critized his regime -Forced millions of laborers to work on public work projects | 45 | |
| 4305509517 | Early Han Dynasty (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Claiming the "mandate of heaven," Liu Bang centralized rule using persistence and methodical planning ; started the longest lasting Chinese dyansty-the Han (206 BCE-220 CE) -Emperors ruled from Chang'an, with its imperial palace, busy markets, and parks -Han Wudi, the "martail emperor," ruled the Han from 141 to 87 BCE with two goals: to centralize governmental power and to expand the empire. He used Legalist principles as the guidlines for his government -Wudi appointed imperial officers in provinces to enforce laws an levy taxes on devlopment of trade routes (the silk roads) -Demand for Chinese silk in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and the Roman Empire led to development of trade routes -Wudi excercised government control over the buikding of roads and canals to increase trade and communication. Government also controlled production od essential goods: iron, salt, and liquor | 46 | |
| 4305531746 | Emperor Wudi (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for government posts because there was no uniform systme of public education -Established an imperial university to educate government officials in 124 BCE) -Policy of imperial expansion led to invasion of northern Vietnam and Korea and battles with teh Xiongnu, nomads from Asia -The Han conquered everyone they challenged | 47 | |
| 4305540879 | Later Han Dynasty (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Separated from the former Han, as a result of a temporary loss of power from 9 to 23 CE, the later Han lasted from 25 to 220 CE -Moved capital from Chang'an to Louyang -Ignoring of the problems of inequitable land distribution led to increased banditry and rebllions leb by disgruntled peasants -In the Yellow Turban, government used the military to supress rebellions but the collective efforts of peasants weakened the Han dynasty-factions developed in courts that affected the central govnernment -This internal weakness ked to the downfall of the empire, which was divided into several large kingdoms | 48 | |
| 4309942866 | Fall of Han Dynasty (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Divisions within the rukling elite limited the effectiveness of the government, leading to its collapse -Issues: land distribution, private armies, unrest, economic decline -Yellow Turban Rebellion -Dynasty formally ended in 220 CE | 49 | |
| 4309951793 | Mauryan Dynasty (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Flourished during the late 320s BCE, when Chandragupta Maurya took over and laid the foundations for a centralized, unified government that included all of India from the Indus to the Ganges rivers -Ashoka conquered the kingdom of Kalinga through bloddy battles, united the subcontinent -Ashoka built irrigation systems for agriculture, constructed road for trade and travel, supported Buddhism, and encouraged religious tolerance -Ashoka's death led to the fall of the empire | 50 | |
| 4309978094 | Gupta Dynasty (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Chandra Gupta laid foundations for empire by making alliances with powerful families in the Ganges; he conquered many, while others chose to form tributary alliances with the Guptas -Government was left to the locals, Gupta did not impose uniform laws -Decline caused by invasions by the White Huns | 51 | |
| 4309993699 | Jainism (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Indian belief system popularized by Vardhamana Mahvira ("the great hero"). Disciples referred to Mahavira as Jina ("the conqueror") and called themselves Jains -Practiced ahmisa-nonviolence to living things or their souls (belief later impacted Hinduism and Buddhism) -No ridgid social structure | 52 | |
| 4310007487 | Buddhism (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Dharma is the principle ir law that orders the universe according to the teachings and methods of the Buddha -Four Noble Truths: nothing is permanent; all life involves suffering; desire causes suffering, the fourth Noble Truth: right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right occupation, right effort, right contemplation, right meditation -Goal: to achieve Nirvana | 53 | |
| 4310439627 | Hinduism (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Salvation is achieved by individuals who meet responsibilities by obeying laws of their caste, not material success -Hindu ethics: dharma-righteousness (obey religious and moral laws), artha-wealth (to uphold dharma and provide for family and society), kama-desire (take pleasure in social, physical, and sexual acivities), moksha-salvation of the soul -A person reincarnated on the basis of behavior into one of the four castes | 54 | |
| 4310458581 | Mycenaeans (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Built impressive stone fortresses and palaces. Palaces dominated Mycenaean cities, as was the case in Minoan Crete (Palace of Knossos) -Most likely a king ruled over a small area -Their conflict with Troy was presented by Homer in the Illiad | 55 | |
| 4310474417 | Polis (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Attracted large populations because it offered saftey; became center of trade -Levied taxes; took farming surplus from countryside to feed inhabitants -Political models could include, monarchies and tyrannical rulers | 56 | |
| 4310483244 | Sparta (600 BCE-600 CE) | -A city-state in classical Greece-conquered neighbors and forced them into servitude -Helots-bound to land; role-to provide food; outnumbered Spartans ten to one -Known for military talent -Women excercised regulary (bear strong children) | 57 | |
| 4310494596 | Athens (600 BCE-600 CE) | -A city-state in classical Greece whose government was based on democratic principles. However,only free adult males could participate in government -Debt forced many poor-farmers into slavery; gap between rich and poor widened. Aristocrat Solon became a great mediator between the classes: aristocrats keep land, canceled debts, and forbade debt slavery for poor -Pericles encouraged democracy, public works, and the development of science, philosophy, poetry, and the arts -World's first democracy | 58 | |
| 4310515057 | Macedonian Empire (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Supplied Greeks with grain, timber, and natural resources in exchange for olives, wine, and finished products -Alexander led an army of 37,000 to invade the Persian Empire -331 BCE Alexander controlled Ionia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Mesopotamia | 59 | |
| 4310529176 | Hellenistic Empire (600 BCE-600 CE) | -The period during the reign of Alexander the Great and the subsequent division into three large states -Greek culture spread to areas from Greece to India -Capital: Alexandria, Egypt -Built on the former Persian Empire | 60 | |
| 4310539142 | Greek Philosophy-Socrates (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Developed method of questioning aimed at exposing ethics and morality through a series of increasingly difficult questions -Dialogues -Suggested that honor more important than wealth and fame and stressed the importance of personal integrity | 61 | |
| 4310559059 | Greek Philisophy-Aristotle | -Believed that everything was based on ideal forms or ideas. In relaity definitions were not absolute because virtue, honesty, courage, truth, and beauty all meant different things in different situations -Rejected the theory of forms and ideas; he believed people could depend on their senses and reason to answer the mystries of the world | 62 | |
| 4310575747 | Hellenistic Philosophies (I) | -Epicureans suggested that individual needs could be met through relfection -Said pleasure is greatest good; they defined pleasure as an inner peace that could protect them form the world's pressures | 63 | |
| 4310584473 | Hellenistic Philosophies (II) | -Skeptics doubted the exsistence of absoulture certain knowledge and so did not espouse strong political, social, or moral beliefs. They taught that people should abandon their search for certain answers and find an inner peace -Stoics believed human beings were part of a universal family; people must help each other through difficulties and deal with stress and anxiety by finding inner peace | 64 | |
| 4310599362 | Roman Republic (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Republic-a form of government whose head of state is usually a presidnt -In 509 BCE an aristocratic republic replaced the Roman monarchy; built Roman forum, a politicaland civic center housing temples and public buildigns for government business -A republican constitution gave executive (civill and military) duties and power to tow consuls elected for one-year terms by an assembly dominated by the aristocracy; a senate dominated the decision0making process -Tension developed as interests of the lower class were not represented. This led to the development of tribunes, which had the right to intervene in all political affiars and veto unjust laws | 65 | |
| 4310627736 | Rome: From Republic to Empire (600 BCE-600 CE) | -87 bCE invasion and subsequent occupation of Rome led by Marius until his death -Sulla took over;civil war and a reign of terror ensued -Sulla died in 78 BCE and left a conservative legislature that weakened the power of the lower classes and returned to power to the wealthy -Latifunda-land conquered by the Roman Empire, controlled by wealthy wlites and organized into plantations-increased tensions between rich and poor | 66 | |
| 4329071637 | Julius Caesar (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Named himself dictator of the Roman Empire -Sought to build community in Rome after civil war; spend large sums of money on gladiators, huge armies, and large-scale building employing Roman citizens; extended Roman citizenship to outreaches of empire; and consolidated government -Murdered in 44 BCE in the Ides of March -Octavian (Augustus) defeated Marc Anthony and became sole ruler | 67 | |
| 4329097995 | Expansion of Roman Empire (600 BCE0-600 CE) | -Augustus's rule brought pax romana | 68 | |
| 4329105329 | Roman Law (600 BCE-600 CE) | -The Twelve Tables were meant to provide a standarized system of law -Jurists worked together standarized interpretations of laws and develop a definition of justice -Rights of defendants (innocent until proven guilty) -Power in hands of judge | 69 | |
| 4329120885 | Jesus (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Jewish prophet and teacher whose major teachings were proper worship of God and love for fellow man -His message "The kingdom of God is at hand" challneged Roman civic life because it did not allow fro worship of Roman gods -After the Crucifixion, devotion to Jesus grew rapidly; he was called the Christ, and his followers were called Christians | 70 | |
| 4329142405 | Silk Road (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Trade route that connected the Han and Roman Empires -Facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and disease | 71 | |
| 4329152860 | Fall of Roman Empire (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Problems: internal opposition, power struggle, generals struggled for power and died violently; empire was simply too large -Visigoths invasion (Germans) -Huns, Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Franks invade In 476 BCE a German general defeated the last Roman emperor | 72 | |
| 4329189603 | Germanic Invasions (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Ended imperial Roman power -Nomadic German tribes-Visigoths, Huns, Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Franks -Led to decentralized rule and to the establishment of feudal system | 73 | |
| 4329203246 | Early Byzantine Empire (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity in 313 BCE; relocate capital of Roman Empire to Constantinople -Emperors above the law, claiming divine rights -Emperors used political power to sway public opinion regarding religious issues | 74 | |
| 4329223764 | Justinian's Code (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Justinian's (527-565 CE) wife Theodora advised him on political, religious, and diplomatic issues -Hagia Sophia -Published Corpus iuris civilis (Body of the Civil Law) | 75 | |
| 4329247814 | Byzantine Economy and Society (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Government prevented wealthy classes from seizing peasant's lands; the wealthy could buy exemptions from taxes -Craftsmen respected -Trade was very importat to the empire as a direct result of its location;merchants were specially respected | 76 | |
| 4329266173 | Fall of Byzantine Empire (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople in 1453 -In 1071, the Byzantines lost most of Anatolia, which led to their ultimate demise (had no food source) | 77 | |
| 4329278594 | Byzantium and Russia (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Russia created several trading centers, including Kiev along the Dnieper River -In 989 CE Prince Vladmir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity as a result of his exposure o Byzantium -Cyrillic alphabet, writing, codified laws, and art and archietecture -Now center of Orthodox Christianity Moscow | 78 | |
| 4329303189 | Spread of Epidemic Diseases (600 BCE-600 CE) | -Smallpox and measels were the most pervasive; bubonic plague also broke out -Problem: epidemics devasted communities because they had no immunites and no medicines to fight against hem -Smallpox devasted the Roman Empire -The bubonic plague, or Black Death, started in CHina and spread to Europe along trade routes -Epidemics led to social change; trade declined, and people learned to be self-sufficient | 79 | |
| 4329365112 | Muhammad (600-1450 CE) | -Believed in one God (Allah) -Holy Book: Qur'an -The Hadith, a record of the sayings attributed to Muhammad and accounts of the prophet's deeds, serves as a guide for interpretation of the Qur'an and for social and legal customs; Hadith lays out the concepts of the five pillars | 80 | |
| 4329389777 | Abbasid Dynasty (600-1450 CE) | -In 750 the Umayyad dyansty ended after a rebellion in Persia led by Abu al-Abba, who founded the Abbasid dynasty -Headquartered in Baghdad -Grow ass result of independent military forces -Officials included ulama, religious experts, and qadis, judges; both resolved local disputes and set moral standards | 81 | |
| 4329417491 | The Qur'an and Women (600-1450 CE) | -Imporved the security of women in Arabian society: outlaws female infanticide and ruled that doweries go to brides -Described women as honorable individuals equal to men, not property -Male dominance | 82 | |
| 4329438147 | Sui Dynasty (600-1450 CE) | 83 |
