This set covers Periods 1-3. Cards 1-11 are period 1, 12-26 are period 2, and cards 27-42 are period 3.
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| 10636304219 | Hunting-Foraging Bands | Nomadic peoples (often related to each other) that lived in small groups and hunted game and collected wild or undomesticated plants for food. Known as hunter-gatherer groups. Technology included bows and arrows, Clovis points (large stone arrowheads) and spears. These tools were vital in assisting humans in the hunt. The survival of these groups depended on finding adequate food supplies from wild game and plants. Most of them practiced animism. | 0 | |
| 10636304220 | Neolithic Revolutions | Occurred first in Middle East around 8000 BCE and later in other regions (River Valley Civilizations). Caused by hunter-foragers settling in areas w/ steady water supply and good soil, planted seeds in the ground, and living in permanent buildings in villages. In Neolithic Revolutions, irrigation of crops was developed and animals, such as dogs, cats, cattle, and horses, were domesticated to aid with hunting, transportation, and agriculture, and/or function as food supply. | 1 | |
| 10636304221 | River Valley Civilizations | The first places where Neolithic Revolutions occurred. Mesopotamia ("between the rivers") in the Middle East; Nile Valley in N. Africa (the Egyptians); Indus River Valley in S. Asia; and the Shang in the Yellow, or Huang He, River Valley in E. Asia were among the earliest known places of these civilizations where agriculture first began. These civilizations built the first buildings made of stone or brick, and placed them together to form the villages, which developed into cities. | 2 | |
| 10636304222 | Pastoralism | The method of people raising domesticated animals but not developing agriculture, and thus remaining on the move. They were known as pastoralists. In moving w/ their herds, they spread info about other groups and developments in technology. They were called "agents of change." They emerged in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia around the same time as the Neolithic Revolution. An ex. of them are the Mongols of E. Asia. | 3 | |
| 10636304223 | Urbanization | Process of small villages in River Valley Civilizations growing into larger cities, and becoming important centers of government, trade, and religion. Urban areas saw the development of specialization of jobs,(ex. merchants or scribes); social levels, (elites and slaves); and gender roles (expectations that men would be gov't leaders and military members while women would engage in domestic activities such as cooking, sewing, and childbearing). Example Cities: Sumer in Mesopotamia; Catal Huyuk in Turkey; Mhenjo Daro & Harappa in S. Asia's Indus Rivery Valley; In Americas, Olmexs developed cities in Meso-America by 1600 BCE, and Chavin civilization by 900 BCE along coast of modern-day Peru | 4 | |
| 10636304224 | Cuneiform | First writing system. Developed from Mesopotamia. | 5 | |
| 10636304225 | Ziggurats | Religious temples that developed from Mesopotamia. Are examples of monumental architecture that developed in early cities | 6 | |
| 10636304226 | Early Empires | Over time, more cities developed in the River Valley Civilizations and were united under a ruler, or king, who claimed his power was derived from the gods and thus became these. Examples of these are: The Babylonians in Mesopotamia that conquered rival cities by force and put them under one code of law (Code of Hammurabi); Egyptians in N. Africa that established an empire that stretched along the Nile River from modern Sudan to the Mediterranean coast, west into modern Libya and northeast into modern Lebanon | 7 | |
| 10636304227 | Animism | The earliest-known form of religion. Sees gods in nature (ex./ worshipping the sun). Popular among hunting-foraging bands. | 8 | |
| 10636304228 | Polytheism | "many gods". Differs from animism in that gods have specific names and duties. The Greek god Apollo, for example, was the god "in charge" of the sun. | 9 | |
| 10636304229 | Monotheism | Belief in one god. The Hebrews of Southwest Asia practiced one of the earliest known monotheistic religions, Judaism. This feature set them apart from their neighbors and made them unique in early history. Another type of religion based on this faith was Zoroastrianism from Persia in Central Asia. | 10 | |
| 10636304230 | Classical Era | The years c. 600 BCE to c. 600 CE. During this period, empires such as the Greek and Roman civilizations in the Mediterranean region, the Han Dynasty in E. Asia, and the Maurya and Gupta empires in S. Asia rose in political, social, and economic power, and then fell. Others include the Persians in Central Asia and the Mayans in Mesoamerica. | 11 | |
| 10636304231 | Hinduism | The earliest-known organized religion, w/ written codes of the faith and a class of leaders (priests). Was centered in S. Asia. Its beliefs were influenced by Indo-European groups who migrated into the region from western areas near the Caspian Sea. These teachings supported the caste system that greatly influenced the political and social structure of S. Asia. | 12 | |
| 10636304232 | Buddhism | A "reform" of Hinduism that was initiated by Prince Siddhartha Gautama c. 500 BCE, who became the Buddha ("Enlightened One"). Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism supported spiritual equality and missionary activity. Buddhism spread far from its origins in S. Asia into Southeast and E. Asia along trade routes. | 13 | |
| 10636304233 | Confucianism | Based on the teachings of Kong Fuzi (Confucius) in China, c. 500 BCE. He established clearly defined codes of behavior, and gender and family duties. Confucius's teachings were a philosophy, not a religion dedicated to a deity. Over time, however, Neo-Confucianism emerged, which included aspects of Buddhism and Daoism, and promised eternal reward for faithfulness to Confucius's teachings. | 14 | |
| 10636304234 | Christianity | Like Buddhism was to Hinduism, this was a reform of an existing religion, Judaism. Jesus taught eternal salvation through him being the Messiah, sent by God to save humanity from eternal punishment. Jesus named his disciple Peter as his first successor (this act represents one political difference with Islam's hierarchy). Over time, missionaries spread Jesus' gospel throughout the Roman Empire and beyond. Is one of the three global religions w/ the most followers. | 15 | |
| 10636304235 | Han Empire | E. Asia's empire that existed around the same time as the Roman Empire. In fact, they traded w/ each other. This empire was one of the largest empires of the classical era and, in terms of technology, was far ahead of other civilizations of the same era. | 16 | |
| 10636304236 | Mandate of Heaven | Reflected the belief that the emperor in China would stay in power as long as the heavens were satisfied with his rule. If the emperor's family line (dynasty) died out or was overthrown, it was a sign that the emperor had lost his mandate. Although many dynasties rose and fell in China over centuries, this belief was a continuity that added stability to society. | 17 | |
| 10636304237 | Chinese Examination Systems | Political feature of Chinese empires beginning with the Han dynasty and lasting until the early twentieth Century. Scholar-bureaucrats took state-sponsored exams in order to become gov't scribes and serve in other capacities to help emperors run the affairs of state. In this system, it was possible-but rare- for even low-born citizens to rise to political prominence | 18 | |
| 10636304238 | Mediterranean Civilizations | Term used in AP World History to describe the classical Greek and Roman civilizations. The Romans borrowed so much of their political, social, and economic culture from the Greeks that, from a global perspective, historians find it convenient to combine the two. | 19 | |
| 10636304239 | Hellenism | In the fourth century BCE, Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and put his social and political Greek stamp on his short-lived empire, which stretched from Egypt to India. This method of culture is a blend of Greek and local styles. One example of this culturistic art is a Buddha statue made in Greek style, w/ lifelike features and flowing robes. | 20 | |
| 10636304240 | Maurya/Gupta Empires | These classical empires in S. Asia were geographically extensive and powerful empires. The first lasted from c. 320 to c. 185 BCE, while the other lasted from c. 320 CE to c. 550 CE. Another later powerful S. Asian empire was the Mughal. These empires were exceptions to the trend of political fragmentation in S. Asian history. During most of its existence, India had many regional leaders, not one unified empire, as these others were. | 21 | |
| 10636304241 | Bantu Migrations | The most-often cited sub-Saharan migration event in Africa that occurred over much of the Classical era. Beginning in central Africa c. 1000 BCE to c. 500 CE, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated south and east over many centuries, spreading a common language base and metal-working technology. | 22 | |
| 10636304242 | The Silk Roads | A must-know trade route; it connected E. Asia to northern India and Central Asia and, indirectly, to the Mediterranean region, W. Africa, and northern Europe. Silk, tea, spice, horses, and technology were carried westward along camel and horse caravan routes. Chinese goods and technology made their way into southwest Asia, Africa, and Europe along these routes. | 23 | |
| 10636304243 | Indian Ocean Trade Network | Connected to the Silk Roads, this trade network was just as important, but with routes over water. African, Arab, Jewish, and Chinese, both Muslim and Christian merchants carried religion (especially Buddhism and Islam) and exchanges silver, cotton, spices, and many other items across the Indian ocean. | 24 | |
| 10636304244 | Fall of Classical Empires | Beginning c. 200 CE, all three major classical empires declined and fell. First to go was the Han Dynasty in China (c. 200 CE), followed by the western Roman Empire (476 CE) and lastly the Gupta Empire in India in the mid-sixth century CE. All three fell from internal pressures, such as peasant revolts, and external pressures, such as invading nomads (Huns) and imported diseases. | 25 | |
| 10636304245 | Trans-Sahara Trade | Trade of goods, people, and faith across N. Africa's Sahara desert that peaked from 8th century CE to the 1500s. Camels were main mode of transportation. Gold, salt, animal hides, and slaves were among the main items transported out of Africa to points east and north. Muslim merchants imported camels into the region; they also brought along their faith in Islam, which spread rapidly into N. and W. Africa. Three important African trade centers along these trade routes were Djenne, Goa, and Timbuktu. | 26 | |
| 10636304246 | Islam | First preached in Arabia in the 7th century CE by the prophet Muhammad, a merchant who preached monotheism. Islam ("submission") united multiple polytheistic Arab tribes into a common faith. By the mid-700s, it has spread rapidly via trade routes out of southwest Asia across N. Africa to Spain and eastward into northern India and Central Asia. Muslim merchants carried Islam into Southeast and East Asia. | 27 | |
| 10636304247 | Caliphate | Unlike Christianity, Islam had no clear rules of succession after Muhammad. Culturally, Islam united many peoples, but politically, it fragmented into regional states called caliphates, each led by a caliph. Ex. are the Abbasid (exam focuses most on this one), Umayyad or Fatamid caliphates. | 28 | |
| 10636304248 | Crusades | Series of Christian versus Muslim military campaigns for the "holy land" in Southwest Asia and for parts of the Byzantine empire. The major battles of this series of battles occurred sporadically from 1100 to 1300. Politically, European Christians failed to permanently regain much land, but culturally they reacquired much knowledge through contact w/ Muslims, including the reintroduction of Greek and Roman learning into Europe, which in turn sparked the Renaissance. | 29 | |
| 10636304249 | Dar-al Islam | "Everywhere Islam is" across from Afro-Eurasia in the era c. 600-1450, this term described the territory extending from Spain and Northwest Africa all the way to South and Southeast Asia. Was not a unified political empire but a large region where Islamic faith and culture dominated. | 30 | |
| 10636304250 | Diffusion of Religions | In the era c. 600-c. 1450, three religions spread far outside their places of origin: Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. Buddhism and Christianity were spread by missionary monks. Conversions to Christianity and Islam were also done by "sword mission", meaning by force. Like Buddhism, Islam was also spread peacefully by merchants along trade routes. | 31 | |
| 10636304251 | Byzantine Empire | Although the western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, the eastern portion of this empire, headquarted in Constantinople, continued for another thousand years. This empire had major economic, social, and political influence over southern and eastern Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Southwest Asia. Name originally comes from Byzantium | 32 | |
| 10636304252 | Tang and Song Dynasties | Were two of the most famous dynasties in all of Chinese history, not just the era c. 600-c. 1450. Under these dynasties, China had the world's largest population, the most advanced technology, and the most splendid cities. "Drink some Tang and sing a Song" | 33 | |
| 10636304253 | Sinification | "Chinese-ification" of Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia. China was such a powerful neighbor that it was inevitable that nearby countries would follow its political, social, and economical examples, thus performing this process. | 34 | |
| 10636304254 | Mongols | "Agents of change" or "unstoppable tide of horror". These nomadic peoples invaded S. China and rode west all the way into Russia and Southwest Asia (Islamic Heartland) in the 13th and 14th centuries. After brutal conquest, they established a Pax Mongolica: peace and trade throughout their territories. | 35 | |
| 10636304255 | Black Death | History's most infamous disease. Historians believe it may have originated along the trade routes near the Black Sea. It spread east and west during the age of the Mongol conquests, killing millions. In the mid-14th century, it wiped out as much as one third of Western Europe's population. | 36 | |
| 10636304256 | Mayan States | These States were centered in Mesoamerica. Like the Egyptians, the Mayan civilization featured pyramids, large cities, a written language, and a complex society. Its height was during the American classical era of 250-900 CE. Tikal was an important Mayan city. | 37 | |
| 10636304257 | Mesoamerica | Southern Mexico and parts of Central America | 38 | |
| 10636304258 | Coerced Labor | Includes slavery, serfdom, the corvee (government-required labor on public works projects), and indentured servitude. Forms of this labor existed across all civlizations and time periods. For the era c. 600-c. 1450, European serfdom is a common example of this labor found on the AP World History Exam. | 39 | |
| 10636304259 | Feudalism | In western Europe and in Japan in this era, many people served as agricultural workers for landowners in this system. In both areas, regional armies fought over land rights at the bidding of their local lords. In Europe, the elite warriors were knights, whereas in Japan they were samurai. | 40 | |
| 10636304260 | Zheng He | Representing the power of the Ming dynasty, this explorer led enormous expeditions that included huge treasure ships and thousands of sailors, and crossed the Indian Ocean and traveled to the Spice Islands of Southeast Asia in the early 15th century. | 41 |
